Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Steinbeck is interested in the ways hardship and suffering human character Essay Example for Free
Steinbeck is interested in the ways hardship and suffering human character Essay Steinbeck is interested in the ways hardship and suffering human character. Discuss how this is portrayed in Of Mice And Men Of Mice and Men is a novel very much affected by the time in which its author lived. Steinbeck wrote and set Of Mice And Men in a time of great economic change in America, when the countrys 125,000 threshers (men who harvested grain- Californias major product) were slowly being replaced for the new and more efficient form of harvesting-mechanical combines. The Wall Street Crash in 1929 heralded the start of the Great Depression that swept America in the 1930s, and the consequences of this on farming was compacted and increased with the famous dust bowl crisis, forcing many farmers into poverty and immense debt. Migrant farm workers such as Lennie and George fuelled and made possible the intensive farming economy. They travelled many miles by foot or other cheap forms of transportation for a temporary job that would pay enough to survive on, only to be told to leave when they were no longer needed. They would then have to wait for the next vacancy available. In these conditions men most usually travelled alone- it was hard to form any stable relationships in a life where it was vital to travel so often and when self-survival was more important than anyone elses. Its in this world of self survival that John Steinbeck based Of Mice And Men, which is a portrayal of effects these conditions can have on human nature. The most prominent of these effects in the novel itself is loneliness, (a major theme) which is present in some way in every one of Steinbecks characters. The book itself has been described as a symphony of lonliness. In a world where ones own survival and well-being is priority and you are mostly alone, the workers became very isolated. The effects of the lack of friendship, love or compassion on the workers have made them unable to relate in any way to anyone but themselves, and the self-importance that is forced to become their priority renders them unable to feel much pity or empathy for anyone or anything, turning them inwards and embittered towards a world which hasnt treated them well. They all live an existence in which every day is taken as it comes, each one matters in the fight for survival. They do not think in the long term, they spend the small wages they receive as soon as they can in taverns and whore-houses, they do not have dreams of the future. Loneliness effects some characters in other ways. For example, Curleys wife lives a life rivalling and arguably, exceeding the workers in isolation and loneliness. She has entered into a loveless and -the suggestion is- brutal marriage on a ranch full of wary, frightened and suspicious men with no-one to talk to, no love or tenderness, no prospect of change or escape from it. Unlike the men, she also has no motivation to survive. The workers aim in life is to survive, to keep on going, to keep on surviving through all the deprivation, as some still have prospects for change. Curleys wife is stuck at a figurative dead-end. She has arrived at the place she will remain for most probably the rest of her life, in an incessant routine of lonely, endless monotony. It is this isolation and the dissapointment of niave dreams of Hollywood and broken trust that has turned her into the character we are presented with in the beginning chapters of the book. The whore, the slut, the jail-bait, and the tart are her own form of survival- whereas the men have had to become totally self-interested and self-dependent in order to survive, Curleys wife has had to survive by attempting to gain power and attention in the only way she can in a ranch full of men- through sexual supremacy. However it appears there are infact two characters in the novel less affected by the isolation than the other characters, Slim and Lennie. It could be argued that George is also less affected, as his friendship with Lennie saves him from turning totally inward. Lennies friendship and care stop George from becoming like the other ranch workers, as he has to think about Lennies well being in addition to his own. George and Lennies relationship is almost more like that of a parent and child than of friends, and George has to look after Lennie, therefore George thinks about someone other than himself. So far his relationship has had its downsides, because as this isnt a normal friendship and Lennie is less capable mentally, Lennie keeps getting George into trouble. This proves that George needs to become isolated, lonely and inward as the others if he wants to be able successfully to survive. The conditions of the workers affect them in sad, terrible ways, yet its interesting that they actually need to be behave in this way if they want to survive. There is a strange need for loneliness and isolation, and this is how loneliness effects George and ultimately, George and Lennies friendship.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Fight for Freedom in Toni Morrisons The Song of Solomon :: Song of Solomon Essays
Fight for Freedom in Toni Morrison's The Song of Solomon "The scream that boomed down the cave tunnel and woke the bats came just when Macon thought that he had taken his last living breath. The bleeding man turned toward the direction of the scream and looked at the colored girl long enough for Macon to pull out his knife and bring it down the old man's back. He crashed forward, then turned his head to look at them. His mouth moved and he mumbles something that sounds like 'What for?' Macon stabbed him again and again until he stopped moving his mouth, stop trying to talk and stopped jumping and twitching on the ground" (pg. 171). This is an excerpt for the novel The Song of Solomon (1987), by Toni Morrison. Macon one of the main characters, only a child at the time, kills a man whom he thinks is threatening him and his sister's, Pilate, life. After killing the man the two children travel to the man's camp where they discover three bags of gold. Macon also sees, " the dusty boots of his farther" (pg 170). Becoming alarmed, Pilate says, "I t is Papa!". To her cry a voice whispers 'sing, sing'. Macon greedily packs up the gold while Pilate searchers frantically for their farther. After a terrible fight the two separate. Ironically years later they end up living in the same small Michigan town. Macon and Pilate hate and their family secret all the while still grows in differnt directions. Macon moves on with his life and marries Ruth. The couple have three children, Lean, First Corinthians, and Macon who receives the nickname of Milkman. Milkman being interested in Pilate granddaughter, spends a great deal of his childhood at Pilate's house--despite his fathers disapproval. After living at home for the past thirty years Milkman becomes swamped with his family secret. His farther claims that Pilate stole the gold from the man his killed camp sight. And Pilate claims the bag of her 'inheritance' only to be bones. Becoming frustrated, Milkman sets out to find the truth of his family fude. Toni Morrison's mystery novel keeps the readers curiosity,as she write her storyline about the lifestyle of a black society in the 1980's. Within this black society, the people are pursuing their freedom. Toni theme of her novel is freedom, and each character can only obtain their freedom by one of two paths.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
The African American Achievement Gap:
The African American Achievement Gap: Why is it There and What Can be Done Are Black Americans Dumber than White Americans? Can it unequivocally be stated that European Americans hold more intelligence then African Americans? Are African Americans genetically wired to have a lesser mental capacity then European Americans? For a long time this was the explanation to a burning problem. African Americans score lower than White Americans on vocabulary, reading, and mathematics tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence. This gap appears before children enter kindergarten and it persists into adulthood. The typical American black still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests. On some tests the typical American black scores below more than 85 percent of whites. â⬠(CHRISTOPHER, JENCKS) This test score gap is not an inevitable fact of nature. It is true that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white child ren attend the same schools. It is also true that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white families have the same amount of schooling, the same income, and the same wealth.However, after extensive research, no one has found any evidence saying that blacks have less intellectual ability than whites. So what causes this gap in test scores? Some attribute it to the culture of African Americans. They say that African Americans are uninterested in learning and donââ¬â¢t seek to pursue academic excellence. Some attribute the gap to testing conditions. Some attribute it to concepts such as ââ¬Å"White Guiltâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Stereotype Threat. â⬠(Will be explained later) I however cannot attribute it to any one thing. This whole issue cannot be explained by one concept.Rather then trying to describe the achievement gap with one concept, I attribute it to a combination of many. The reason for the perceived gap in test scores is an intricate combination of things such as S tereotype threat, White Guilt, and Culture. On this issue, Thomas Sowell takes the position that this gap has nothing to do with racism or race. Sowell says, ââ¬Å"For much of the first half of the 20th century, these differences were attributed to race-that is, to an assumption that blacks just did not have it in their genes to do as well as white people.The tide began to turn in the second half of the 20th Century, when the assumption developed that black-white differences were due to racism on the part of whites. â⬠(Sowell, Thomas) However, his research showed something different. With his study at Harvard, he noticed that most of the black alumni were either from ââ¬Å"the West Indies or Africa, or were the children of West Indian or African immigrants. These people are the same race as American blacks, who greatly outnumber either or both. â⬠(Sowell, Thomas) This completely dispels the idea of race being a factor. So what does cause the gap?Sowell believes Culture does. His main argument is that the culture from so-called ââ¬Å"rednecksâ⬠from Europe caused this uneducated culture seen in blacks. He says, ââ¬Å"The culture of the people who were called ââ¬Å"rednecksâ⬠and ââ¬Å"crackersâ⬠before they ever got on the boats to cross the Atlantic was a culture that produce far lower levels of intellectual and economic achievement, as well as high levels of violence and sexual promiscuity. â⬠(Sowell, Thomas) Now the most important points raised are that only a third of whites lived in this culture while 90% of blacks live in it.Of course culture fades away eventually but, it has very slow within the black community; especially in the worst black ghettos in the country. This is a culture of counter productivity and self-destruction. Sowell says all blacks are regarded this way. However, the question has to be asked; can this really be applied to all blacks? It really canââ¬â¢t. Culture can be a valid explanation for t his particular group of black people but it does not prove anything for all blacks. Not all blacks are from the ghetto.Some actually come from prominent, stable homes. Some actually come from the same environment as successful whites and Langston Hughes takes a look at some of these people. Hughes also takes the view of culture but he examines it from the view of blacks that are not stuck in the ghetto but have stable backgrounds. Hughes takes the view that blacks are actually hindering themselves. He says that there is a huge obstacle standing in the way of every black person. He actually makes a reference about artist but it can be viewed as any black person.He says the obstacle is, ââ¬Å"this urge within the race toward whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be as little Negro and as much American as possible. â⬠(Hughes, Langston) His example is a poet. This poet subconsciously wants to be white because he feels it will make him a better poet. This poet comes from a strong background in the middle class. According to Hughes, they attend church; the father has a steady job; the mother works on occasion; and the children attend mixed schools.However, the problem comes with how the parents treat their children. The mother says things like, ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t be like niggersâ⬠when the children are bad. In turn the father says things like, ââ¬Å"Look how well a white man does things. â⬠So in this home and many others, black is not praised or celebrated it is taught to be ashamed of. They are taught to want to be white. It is staggering what blacks do to themselves because of this. Fist Hughes says the more predominant donââ¬â¢t support their own people.His example is that, A ââ¬Å"Negro clubwoman in Philadelphia paid eleven dollars to hear Raquel Meller sing Andalusian popular songs. But she told me a few weeks before she would not think of going to hear ââ¬Å"that woman. â⠬ Clara Smith, a great artist, sing Negro folk songs. â⬠(Hughes, Langston) This is the problem with many blacks. They donââ¬â¢t support their own people in anything because they donââ¬â¢t feel it will be accepted by whites and, that is ultimately what they want. Hughes also alludes to how blacks donââ¬â¢tââ¬â¢ support their own until whites do.His example is ââ¬Å"a young colored writer who had been writing well for the colored magazines for some years, but it was not until he recently broke into the white publications and his first book was accepted by a prominent New York publisher that the ââ¬Å"bestâ⬠Negros in his city took the trouble to discover that he lived there. â⬠(Hughes, Langston) The key here is ââ¬Å"white. â⬠Blacks are afraid to be who they are because white is seen as the ultimate goal. Black is seen as inferior. So can this be applied to test taking? It certainly can. If blacks are feeling inferior then their test performanc e cannot be as good as whites.Hughes is saying that being black is a hindrance that was built by blacks ourselves. But can this still be applied to all blacks. No it canââ¬â¢t because not all blacks come from households where white power is subconsciously feed to them. Some come from homes where black is celebrated. But for some reason the gap is still there but why? Shelby Steeleââ¬â¢s position on the matter is based on the theory of White Guilt. White Guilt is a ââ¬Å"vacuum of moral authority in matters of race, equality and opportunity that comes from the association of mere white skin with Americaââ¬â¢s historical racism.It is the stigmatization of whites and, more importantly, American institutions with the sin of racism. â⬠(Steele, Shelby) Simply meaning that all white institutions are doing whatever they have to do not to appear racist. According to Steele this started right after the civil-rights movement. Where he believes that blacks made, ââ¬Å"the great est miscalculation in black American history. â⬠(Steele, Shelby) He says, we allowed ourselves to see a greater power in Americaââ¬â¢s liability for our oppression than we saw in ourselves. (Steele, Shelby) This meaning blacks saw an opportunity to get lazy because they thought they could get more out of taking what whites give rather then working to take their own. According to Steele, blacks have been living in an age of white guilt for about a few decades now. So Steele is taking the position that the achievement gap is where it is at because blacks do not have to work as much as they did before. Steele uses the example of a University. There is no way that they would admit students just based on academia because chances are there would be little to no black faces at the University.This university would be called racist and scrutinized heavily. In Modern time, it is politically correct to include blacks in all walks of life. During the Civil Rights Movement, being black was terrible thing. You were punished for it. Today blacks are rewarded for it in many ways. It is good but bad also. This age of white guilt is a time where the black person ââ¬Å"lives in a society that needs his race for the good it wants to do more than it needs his individual self. His race makes him popular with the white institutions and unifies him with blacks. â⬠(Steele, Shelby) This however limits him as a person.This gives him less desire to work hard. Whatââ¬â¢s the point when things will just be put in his hand anyway? Steele uses Dr. Cornel West as an example. Dr. West was promoted to a full professorship at Harvard, which is a very high honor. However Steele says, ââ¬Å"It was never Cornel West-the individual- that Harvard wanted; it was the defanged protest identity that he carried, which redounded to the university as racial innocence itself. How could anyone charge this university with racism when it promoted Cornel West to its higher reaches? â⬠(S teele, Shelby) So there lies the main point. Dr.West achieved high position by doing less work. This is Steeleââ¬â¢s explanation as to why the achievement gap is there. Blacks simply do not have to work as hard as they once did to succeed because the whites are ââ¬Å"too eager for the moral authority black skin offers them. â⬠(Steele, Shelby) Can this explanation be applied to all blacks? Again some blacks are exempt from this. Some take the easy way out and take full advantage of things like affirmative action. However, some do actually work at what they do. But, for some reason, there is still a gap within this group that is working hard. Why is that? Claude M.Steele offers the concept of Stereotype Threat as the reason this gap exists. Stereotype threat is ââ¬Å"the threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype, or the fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype. â⬠(Steele, Claude M) Stereotype threat can be used to explain the reason that hard working goal oriented black Americans contribute to the achievement gap. When it comes to matters of race, it is assumed that a particular situation is experienced in much the same way by different groups of people. This is especially assumed to be true in test taking.However, this is often times not true for blacks. Steele says, ââ¬Å"But for black students, difficulty with the test makes the negative stereotype relevant as an interpretation of their performance, and of them. They know that they are especially likely to be seen as having limited ability. â⬠(Steele, Claude M) It is not that blacks are in anyway inferior its just a certain pressure is always put on them when doing things like taking test. This is because tests are often given as a test to measure ability, so because of the negative stereotype blacks feel an added pressure and succumb to it.From one experiment- focusing on vocabulary- Steele performed on black and white students, h is conclusion came to be that, ââ¬Å" When black students were told that the test would measure ability, they completed the fragments with significantly more stereotype-related words that when they were told that it was not a measure of ability. â⬠Now the thing about stereotype threat is that it is not like the ââ¬Å"self ââ¬âfilling prophecy. â⬠They donââ¬â¢t think they will perform inadequately and then in-turn score low. Steele says Stereotype threat, ââ¬Å"is something different something external: the situational threat of being negatively stereotyped. So Stereotype threat can be applied to hard working black Americans because it only exist if they care that the negative stereotype is there. So these students actually work so hard to disprove the stereotype that they actually hinder themselves. For one of Steeleââ¬â¢s experiments he noticed this to be true. He says, ââ¬Å" Black students taking the test under stereotype threat seemed to be trying to ha rd rather than not hard enough. They reread the question, reread the multiple choice, and recheck their answers, more then when they were not under stereotype threat. (Steele, Claude M) So what this did was make the test takers inefficient. If you think to long on standardized to you are automatically hindering a very good score. So the reason hard working black Americans contribute to the gap is evident. But, like it was previously stated, not all black Americans actually work hard so this cannot be the only reason the gap exist. I believe the gap exist because of a combination of a few of the afore mentioned arguments. Yes Sowellââ¬â¢s point is valid but the culture argument cannot be applied to all blacks.Yes Langston Hughes point is valid but his aspect of culture cannot be applied to all blacks. The same goes for both Shelby and Claude Steele. Applying one of these theories to an entire race of people to explain the gap in test scores will just not suffice. I can honestly sa y that throughout my life experiences that I have seen every theory for myself. I have seen and lived among the people that these theories apply to and I believe that it all culminates to create the observed gap between African Americans and other ethnic groups.Sowell is absolutely correct when he says there is a self destructive, counterproductive culture in the nations ghettos. Everyone I know from these areas thinks that way. They do not like learning; they hate hard work and are content being at the lower rungs of life. So when the children do go to school and take there standardized test, more often then not, they donââ¬â¢t try. They have a ââ¬Å"whateverâ⬠attitude towards it. And for the few that do try, they just arenââ¬â¢t prepared because the people around them and raising them have this disdain towards learning.I have a close connection with people who embody the ââ¬Å"White Guiltâ⬠theory and the ââ¬Å"Stereotype threatâ⬠idea. I have lived with i t all of my life and I can say it has affected me. In high school and even in college I have seen an abundance of students who are whole-heartedly living in the age of white guilt. Itââ¬â¢s not that they donââ¬â¢tââ¬â¢ try itââ¬â¢s just they do enough to get by because they know if they make it to a certain point, aids like affirmative action and minority quotas will take them where they need to go. So when it comes to test taking they do try, but wonââ¬â¢t stress themselves out over it.Although they are just as smart as their white counterparts, they just donââ¬â¢t see the need to put in the extra effort. Students that experience stereotype threat are just as prevalent. I can say that I fit into this mold. These students do in fact try to hard. They try so hard to prove the stereotype wrong they actually end of proving it. They try so hard not to make mistakes on the test that they do. They try so hard not to contribute to the gap, they actually do. So the reason the gap exist is a combination of many different people that come from different demographics and situations.All of these added together make the achievement gap in test scores. It is clear to see that this gap cannot be explained by one theory. Too many blacks come from to many different situations for this to be the case. So we can see that when these are added up it amounts to the gap in test scores among other things. So how can it be fixed? Just like there is not one factor contributing to the gap, there is not one way to fix the gap. The solution would be more of a chain reaction effect. The problem starts in the inner city where the lazy ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t careâ⬠attitude is prevalent.These are the people that create the negative stereotype black people have. So the blacks that are doing better than these people and are trying to do better in life have to bear the burden that the ââ¬Å"ghettoâ⬠blacks place on them. The people that apply to Hughes theory are ash amed of them. The people in Shelby Steeleââ¬â¢s theory are lazy because the world is trying to integrate them (the ghetto blacks). And the people in Claude Steeleââ¬â¢s theory are working so hard to overcome the stereotype the ââ¬Å"ghettoâ⬠blacks have placed on them.Until the blacks from the inner city change nothing will. The blacks in the higher rungs of life canââ¬â¢t change their ways, in this case test taking ways, until the burden placed on them is lifted. So until the inner city mentality changes, the gap will forever be there. Works Cited CHRISTOPHER, JENCKS. ââ¬Å"The Black-White Test Score Gap. â⬠The New York Times. 1998. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Hughes, Langston. ââ¬Å"â⬠The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountainâ⬠(1926). â⬠Welcome to English à « Department of English, College of LAS, University of Illinois. 926. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Sowell, Thomas. ââ¬Å"Thomas Sowell ââ¬â Crippled by Their Culture. â⬠OrthodoxyToday. org | Home. 26 Apr. 2005. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Steele, Shelby. ââ¬Å"The Age of White Guilt: and the Disappearance of the Black Individual. â⬠CIR Home. Nov. 2002. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Steele, Claude M. ââ¬Å"Thin Ice: ââ¬Å"Stereotype Threatâ⬠and Black College Students ââ¬â 99. 08. â⬠The Atlantic ââ¬â News and Analysis on Politics, Business, Culture, Technology, National, International, and Food a? ââ¬Å" TheAtlantic. com. 1999. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. .
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Alzheimer s Disease ( Ad ) Essay - 1588 Words
This paper explores various elements and issues related to Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD). Topics briefly detailed include etiology, symptomology, diagnosis, neuroanatomy, neurotransmitter systems involved and treatments that focus on neurotransmitters. Emphasis is placed on such topics as cognitive decline and dementia; neurological change; and changes to neurotransmitters and synapses. Details concerning diagnosis and treatment are brief, but do elaborate somewhat on present studies into addressing specific changes in the brain through pharmacological approaches, cognitive therapies and physical exercise. At present, there are limited resources available for treatment of AD. While research continues to seek out more effective therapies, it appears that most only have little to moderate efficacy on this elusive disease. Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD) was initially described in 1907 by Bavarian neuropathologist and psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, and today is defined as a progressive and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities related to memory, behaviors, functionality, orientation, communication, language, abstract thinking and learning (Jacob, 2013). According to the latest figures, AD affects 10% of adults 65 and older and almost 50% of those over the age of 85. There are as many as 4.5 Americans currently living with AD, and the estimated that upwards to 13 million we be inflicted with AD within the next 50 years (Imbimbo, Lombard Pomara,Show MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1108 Words à |à 5 Pages Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease (AD) is a form of dementia that affects 5 million people in the United States alone. One out of every three Seniors die of the disease just in the United States; 80 million suffering world wide making AD the 6th largest cause of death (climax) (Humpel 1; Alzheim erââ¬â¢s Association). AD is the most common dementia; affecting the neuroplasticity of the brain resulting in physical shrinking of the tissues; thus causing neurodegeneration. Diagnosis of the disease is complex, costlyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad ) Essay1112 Words à |à 5 Pages Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, accounting for 65ââ¬â70% of all cases (Jellinger, Janetzky, Attems, Kienzl, 2008). The other dementias are of the Parkinson s group, the fronto-temporal group and the vascular group. The total worldwide yearly costs for the treatment and care of patients suffering from dementia are estimated to be around 250 billion US dollars. The lifetime risk for AD between the ages of 65 and 100 is 33% for men and 45% for women withRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad ) Essay1765 Words à |à 8 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease is similar to a literal chipping block of the brain; it is like this conscious genetic machine that (fig uratively and) continually deep-fries brain cells and makes them clump up into masses that entangle many cognitive processes that allow an individual to be who they are. It is the slow progression into death where the mental faculties are ravaged and pilfered; the sinews that tie each and every neuron and synapse together. Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD) is a condition where thereRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1244 Words à |à 5 PagesAlzheimer s disease(AD) wrecks memory and other essential mental capacities. Research has shown that numerous individuals with dementia, particularly those who are sixty-five or older, have brain impairments. All through the numerous periods of Alzheimer s disease, people appear to show any indication, yet harmful changes are occurring in the cerebrum. An unnatural deposit of proteins structure amyloid plaques and tau tangles all through the brain, and once the active neurons quit working, theyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1112 Words à |à 5 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that is currently being managed by symptomatic treatment. The affected areas include the central nervous system (CNS) which is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is essential in managing our thoughts, cognitive abilities, and our ability to interact with the environment. AD patients are known to experience symptoms such as memory loss in the early stages which develop into speaking difficulties to eventuallyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )2192 Words à |à 9 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD) is a cognitive neurodegerative disorder and one of the major forms of dementia; it represents 60-80% of the dementia patients (Barker et at., 2002). It is estimated by the end of 2015, 53 million people of America would be affected and this would almost double by 2025 and triple by 2050, hence making research momentous for the cure (Hebert et al., 2013). It takes almost 8.5 years between the onset of symptoms of the disease and death (Francis, Palmer, Snape et al., 1998). AD affectsRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1068 Words à |à 5 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by à ²-amyloid plaque formation caused by aggregation of à ²-amyloid42 within the brain leading to a progressive decline in cognitive function and memory loss (2). Hyperphosphorylated tau protein is occasionally found in brains of AD patients with advanced pathology however, it is not necessarily an indicator of AD but considered a sign of disease severity (2, 4, Kosik et al, 1986). AD is separated into two subcategories followingRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1172 Words à |à 5 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD) is a disorder that is characterized by degeneration of the hippocampal and cortical neurons of the brain ââ¬â causing memory impairment and a decline in cognitive abilities. The current study by Ghoneim et al.1 focuses on the role of three proteins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling is important for development and maintenance of normal neuronal circuits in the brain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is expressed by astrocytesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1361 Words à |à 6 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD), according to Shan (2013), ââ¬Å"is the most common form of dementia. It is a degenerative, incurable, and terminal disease.â⬠(p. 32). AD is a disease in which the brain essentially deteriorates, is vastly progressive, and complex. Because there is no cure for this disease, scientists and researchers should continue seeking effective prevention measures. Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease accounts for hundreds of thousands of geriatric deaths each year, and affects not only the patient, butRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad )1067 Words à |à 5 Pageswith Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease (AD). Alzheime rââ¬â¢s disease (AD) is a brain disease that slowly eradicates recollection, thinking skills and slowly the ability to perform menial tasks. Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease is classified as the loss of cognitive functioning-thinking, remembering, and reasoning- and behavioral abilities to such an extent that it interferes with a personââ¬â¢s daily life and activities. (****1*) Dementia can vary depending on the types of brain changes such as Lewy body disease, (which are abnormalities
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)