Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Economics Coursework, LDCs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Economics Coursework, LDCs - Essay Example nts are usually monetary aid which need not be paid back while loans are monetary funds given and need to be repaid with interest, further there are two forms of loans, soft loans which are loan advanced in concession rates or given and need to be rapid below market interest rates. Hard loans which are loans given under the prevailing market interest rate level. Foreign aid given to developing countries is either tied aid or untied aid. Tied aid means that there are conditions while untied aid has no conditions attached to them. This paper however discusses the important and the role that international monetary institutions have played in improving the current states of the developing countries. Developing countries are faced with the problem of low levels of economic development, high levels of poverty, low capital accumulation and high population growth. Foreign aid is one way in which the developing countries are able to come out of the current state, aid offered by the international institutions therefore play a major role in the improvement of the economic performance of developing countries. Developing countries are faced with low levels of savings and therefore low levels of investment, international institutions give aid to the developing countries to help reduce the shortage of domestic saving through the provision of capital and equipment which supplement the capital formation in these countries. Because capital accumulation is one form of achieving higher economic growth, the international institutions give aid to developing countries to encourage capital formation and accumulation in their economies. The diagram below shows the relationship that exists between savings and investment, when there is low savings then there is low investment, and bearing in mind that investment is a source of economic development then the level of economic growth will be low if there is low savings. Foreign aid is a means by which the less developing countries are able
Monday, October 28, 2019
Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free
Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Essay Affirmative action is a policy in which the previously disadvantaged due to discrimination receive priority. It came to existence as a remedy toward discrimination and then became a problem all by itself according to some theorists, who are opponents to it. Supporters believe affirmative action should be adopted to provide equal employment opportunity, but facts show that it does not. Affirmative action is a very controversial issue, which has been debated for more than thirty years.  Unlike discrimination, there are not so many laws against affirmative action, but opponents are indeed working on banning it wherever it is possible for them to do so. TABLE OF CONTENTS Brief Overview of Affirmative Action Origin of Affirmative Action Views of Affirmative Action People who benefit from Affirmative Action Employment and Affirmative Action Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity Legal Issues of Affirmative Action How to Stop Affirmative Action from Being Taken Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Brief Overview of Affirmative Action     Affirmative Action is usually defined as an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and women or one to promote the rights or progress of other disadvantaged people. (Websters Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002)     In practice, affirmative action is taken by giving women and people from a minority group priority. For instance, a company has an opening for a bookkeeper. On determining who should be hired, the company gives women and people from a minority group priority. This could also happen with promotion: only women and people from a minority group are likely to be promoted, and with education: women and people from a minority group have better chances of obtaining grants and scholarships that would enable them to attend college.     Another way of illustrating how affirmative action is taken would be with a classroom in which some students receive a great deal of unfair punishments. One day it is brought to the teacher’s attention that she will be dismissed unless unfair practices are stopped. In an attempt to correct the past unacceptable behavior, the teacher starts treating those students with some kind of preference. In the beginning this will be certainly appropriate, as those students will need to feel that they are not ill-treated anymore. Origin of Affirmative Action     Affirmative action is believed to have come about as a remedy to the awful discrimination that regrettably used to take place. As a matter of  fact, according to T.H. Anderson, (2004) in 1940 discrimination was tradition and in some states it was even law. Sad though it might now sound to us, the most educated and refined African-American did not have the rights the most illiterate and indecent white individual did (p. 2). Therefore, when discrimination became illegal in the United States, affirmative action started to take place.     By the mid-1970’s minorities and women were winning significant victories, which could be seen on construction sites, exemplified by the Metro in Washington D.C. Mayor Walter E. Washington took a dramatic step, mandating a strong affirmative action program in which all private companies doing business or having contracts with city hall would have to submit plans with goals to advanced minorities and women. (J.H. Anderson, 2004, p. 142)     A valid affirmative action plan is one means of trying to undo the effects of past illegal discrimination. Under such a plan, an employer makes employment decisions based on race or sex factor that ordinarily can’t be considered, in order to restore equal opportunity employment for groups that have faced discrimination. When a court finds that a business has discriminated and there are no other effective means to remedy the discrimination, the court may require the business to take affirmative action. For example, a court may order a company to hire one African-American employee for every two white ones hired until the company’s workforce resembles the racial mix of the community.  (F.S. Steinhold, 2007, p. 156)     A business may also have to set up an affirmative action plan as part of voluntary settling a court case or the proceeding of E.E.O.C. (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Any voluntary program must meet the E.E.O.C.’s Guidelines on Affirmative Action Plans. (F.S. Steinhold, 2007, p. 156) Views of Affirmative Action     Because it appears that originally valid plans of affirmative action became in a way corrupted or abused, there have been some opponents to it. Affirmative action is a subject that has been debated and analyzed by philosophers, legal scholars, social scientists, politicians, journalists, editorial writers, and common citizens for three decades.     Basically, the debate has two sides: the Right and the Left. The Right, which is totally against it, states that Affirmative action only causes people to obtain what they desire not because they deserve it, but because they belong to a group that was discriminated in the past. According to this site, affirmative action is unmeritocratic, leads to reverse-discrimination, and is an un-American guarantee of equal results instead of equal opportunity. The Left, which supports it, states that affirmative action is a compensation for past injustices and a guarantee of a fair share of the economic pie. (J.D. Skrentny, 1996, p. 1 2)     To reconcile the two views, it could perhaps be said that an affirmative action plan might be proper in the beginning of a non-discriminatory period of time; women and people from minority groups should feel that they are not discriminated anymore. On the other hand, there is no reason for this period of time to last forever. For instance, in the United States discrimination became illegal a very long time ago, so previously discriminated people should not be given any kind of priority because of what it used to happen in the distant past.     When it became vital to take the affirmative action in the turbulent period of 1964 to 1971, a careful consideration of the cultural and historical circumstances became absolutely necessary in its debate and an explanation for why it happened was needed as well. (Clayton Crosby, 1992, p. 2) Nowadays, more than thirty years after that period, affirmative action would simply be against logic and no explanation could possibly be given as a result.    Affirmative Action is believed to be one of the most controversial policies in the United States. â€Å"The issues are complex, they stir strong feelings, and in the media everyone seems to have an opinion on the topic (Clayton Crosby, 1992, p. 1). This implies that a great deal of understanding is needed.     The complexity of affirmative action as a topic is illustrated by the controversy of whether the version of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 required or prohibited quotas – George Bush’s belief versus his proponents -, the appointment of Clarence Thomas – an affirmative action beneficiary who surprisingly opposed it -, and the apparent shift in the Supreme Court. (S.D. Clayton F.J. VanDeVeer, 2000, p. 4)     Opponents of affirmative action are believed to come from a variety of quarters: Supreme Court Justice Thomas – an African-American who opposes it – Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, and Glenn Lowry – African-American critics who gained national attention speaking about the policy -, and Stephen Carter – William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Law at Yale University. Their reactions to affirmative action seem very intriguing. (S.D. Clayton F.J. VanDeVeer, 2000, p. 4)      Why people who benefit from affirmative action oppose to it deserves the amazement of whoever learns of the fact. It could perhaps be interpreted that they want to be equal – neither better nor worse.  The fact that they are now granted more rights because they were once deprived of the ones they should have in the first place is likely to make them feel inferior. In other words, their equality should be put in force and they should only obtain what they rightly deserve regardless of their background.          Affirmative action became a major issue in state courts in California and in Pennsylvania, where it was indeed claimed that its almost inevitable effect was reverse discrimination. People who benefit from Affirmative Action     In general, belonging to a minority group is due to an inborn or inherited matter, like women, African Americans, and people from different origins. On the other hand, there are some groups of people who willfully joined a minority group. For instance, many people learned one religion at home and later converted to a different one. Homosexuality and bi-sexuality is debatable: some theorists believe uncommon sexual orientations are in the genes, whereas some other ones believe they are a matter of option. Regardless of which theorists are right, homosexual and bi-sexual people were victims of discrimination in the past and later became beneficiaries of affirmative action.      As we all know, African Americans were virtually the worst victims of discrimination. Without any right whatsoever, people were taken from Africa and brought to America to be sold as slaves. The awful slavery was abolished a few hundred years later, but African Americans were still unable to obtain what the average person usually could. In the middle of the twentieth century, discrimination against African Americans became illegal and the law started to call for a total equality, and affirmative action was taken as a remedy. Employment and Affirmative Action          Before focusing on the fact of whether or not affirmative action should be adopted to provide equal employment opportunity, we need to understand thoroughly the basic concepts or employment.     P. K. Edwards (2003) states in his book Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice that the employment relations has two parts: market relations and managerial relations. The former is more obvious because it covers price of labor, which embraces not only the basic wage but also hours of work, holidays and pension rights. In this respect, labor is like any other commodity, with a price which represents the total cost of enjoying its use. Yet labor differs from all other commodities in that it is enjoyed in use and is embodied in people. A machine in a factory is also enjoyed in use and for what it can produce. Yet how it is used is solely up to the owner. The ‘owner’ of labor, the employer has to persuade the worker, that is, the person in whom the labor in embodied, to work. (p. 9)     Most companies have employees nowadays, given that it simply becomes impossible for the owner to do everything all by him- or herself. On hiring a new employee, companies have their own criteria. We see quite often that the same employee who does not qualify for one company does for another one. Employees are chosen based on the companies’ budget and needs. In general, a large, profitable business is likely to choose a better skilled worker than a small business that operates at low budget.     Small businesses, which are usually constrained by the pressure of not exceeding their low budget, might also be selective in their own way. A very unskilled person, however economical he or she might be, is likely to be of no significant assistance to the company. As a result, the company might end up loosing money because of him or her.     When a person is to be hired by a company, it is imperative that it be done under the equal employment opportunity basis. The best candidate should be the one taking over the position. Failure to do so would be an unfair practice that might eventually lead to some significant problems.  F.J. Crosby and C. VanDeVeer (2000) wrote in their book Sex, Race and Merit: Often, when a problem has been identified, hiring or promotion goals are instituted. In classical affirmative action programs (where the employer monitors to make sure that qualified people are hired and promoted) the goals are derived from close study of the organization and are based on realistic appraisals of the labor market. (p. 4) From the above, we see that classical affirmative action is a way in which equal opportunity employment is achieved, and supporters of affirmative action indeed focus on the remedy of unfair acts of discrimination performed in the past. Everybody believes that the employer is to monitor to make sure that qualified people are hired and promoted.     In fact, the goal of affirmative action when it came to existence was equal employment opportunity. Nonetheless, its practice later on became corrupted and its present goal is to give priority to people who belong to a minority group that was discriminated in the past. Many opponents of affirmative action would indeed oppose to discrimination and would agree to a policy in which only qualified people are hired and competent employees are promoted.          J.M. Bernbach (1998), who so much disapproves of discrimination wrote: In 1996, affirmative action (the practice, fostered by federal government, of providing preferential treatment and / or opportunities to specified groups of persons in hiring or promotion, etc., as a means of correcting the present effects of past discrimination) received a good deal of negative attention. (p.3) On certain occasions, affirmative action seems necessary or appropriate to remedy past injustices, but there is no reason to believe that everybody, including people who were always against discrimination, must follow suit. Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity     As the name implies, equal employment opportunity is the right of every single person to be employed regardless of his or her background, i.e. race, color, national origin, religion, gender, age, disability, or reprisal. In the United States there is an organization called Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that focuses on how this right is actually granted to every individual. Burstein in his book Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics (1998) states: In order to form a satisfactory picture of what public wanted on EEO, members of the congress would, ideally, want to know about three aspects of constituents attitudes: first, whether their constituents favored EEO, second, whether they wanted the government to do anything about it; and third, whether they felt strongly about the issue. (p. 42)     We see that the government is very much concerned about fair hiring and promotion practices. It is indeed a fact that everybody wants equal employment opportunities; nobody favors priority on the basis of discrimination or affirmative action. People want the government to ascertain the equal employment opportunities are in effect and they do feel strongly about the issue. The answer of most people is that the right person should take over the position he or she rightly deserves     Antidiscrimination programs are believed to be inefficient and costly. The reason might be the stagnant economy that has apparently not permitted to continue with them. Government pressures to employ or promote women and minorities may force firms to misallocate labor and thus suffer production losses. Keeping with the current concern over productive efficiency can rather be an antidiscrimination effort. (P. Burestein, Equal Employment Opportunity, 1994, p. 85)     Better production in a company as a whole could rather achieve equality. For instance, a company has been in business for many years and, on analyzing their activities, they come to see that their production was better when they had people with more skills in the engineering department. As a result they decide to hire a high-skilled engineer. When doing so, they carefully evaluate every candidate regardless of their background until they end up hiring the most suitable one. One year later, the company analyzes their activities and see some remarkable improvements.     One might want to ask how it is possible for someone who is not so skillful to become skillful in the future. The answer would be quite simple: more education or training, and, as we all know, education is very easy nowadays. There are many ways online that would enable one to obtain it, and there are many regular schools that could help.     Some people take their not being hired as a lesson to get more education or training. Inevitably, when the person being hired is from a majority group, some people accuse the company of being discriminatory, and, when someone from a minority group is hired, the company might also be accused of having taken affirmative action. When something alike happens, the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) needs to be contacted, and they need to investigate the situation.      The beginning of antidiscrimination and or against affirmative action is perhaps freedom. One might question what freedom has to do with either discrimination or affirmative action, and the answer might be the actual explanation of what freedom means. Freedom is the right to share fully and equally in American society – to vote, to hold a job, to enter a public place, to go to school. It is right to be treated in every part of national life as a person equal in dignity and promise to all others. (Curry, G.E. West, C. , 1996, p. 17)      In a society in which freedom is in existence, the equal opportunity employment practice is easier to put in practice. Some people might use this freedom in an abusive form, ending up in discrimination or affirmative action. That is why it is necessary that a commission EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity) exist. The goal of this organization is to establish rules and regulations and, whenever a case of discrimination or affirmative action is reported, this organization needs to study it thoroughly and then determine how it could be corrected. In some occasions, it is even necessary to take legal action. Legal Issues of Affirmative Action     Unlike discrimination, which is so clearly against the law and there is a great deal of coverage both constitutionally and statutorily, it has not become possible to have affirmative action at the same level. No one constitutional or statutory provision covers all the many different varieties of affirmative action. (C. Wolf-Devine, 1997, p. 182) As a result, it becomes very intricate for both judges and attorneys to deal with a case of affirmative action.     If a man that does not belong to a minority group is not hired solely because that company is currently taken affirmative action when hiring, he would first report the incidence to Equal Opportunity Employment Commission. If the E.O.E.C. determines that the individual has brought prima facie evidence, they might decide to take legal action against that company. The judge and the attorney are likely to regard the whole case as a reverse-discrimination and by doing so, the same sources of law that are used in a discriminating case can be used for this particular one. After all, the individual that was hired was only successful to obtain this job because he or she belongs to a minority group, not because he was the best qualified for it. If the case had been just the opposite – the individual that was hired did not belong to a minority group, whereas the one that was not hired did it would have been a regular discrimination case, which would have had a great deal of coverage in the American legal system.      The very same situation would have been with someone who has been working at a company for a very long time and, due to his valuable qualifications, would deserve promotion. Besides the fact that promotion is not given to him, two other co-workers a woman and an African American – do become promoted in an attempt to take affirmative action. Given that promotion is also controlled to E.E.O.C., the individual contacts them immediately and they determine that the matter is to be brought in front of a judge. This case would also be treated as a discriminating case, and it indeed is a case of reverse discrimination.      According to Herman Belz, in his book Equality Transformed (1991): Affirmative action lacks consistency and coherence insofar as the Supreme Court applied two antithetical theories of employment discrimination, upheld quotas in hiring and promotion while prohibiting them in layoffs, and used some form of strict scrutinity review to analyze discrimination under the Constitution while forsaking such reviews under Title VII – and only then asking whether a race conscious measure promoted the goal of minority employment. (p. 225 226) The above shows up to what point affirmative action is to be treated like discrimination when it comes to legal matter. However, the fact that when affirmative action is taken does not at all mean that there has in fact been discrimination put judges and attorneys in a cumbersome situation.     While discrimination has the same principles, is clear and can be carefully considered, affirmative action – in general regarded as the opposite of discrimination – is never clear enough to be handled by a judge and attorneys. As we know, affirmative action is sometimes taken as a remedy, whereas discrimination comes as a matter of opinion. For instance, a company that never hires African American is sued for discrimination. The basis of this type of discrimination will always be the same; the accused will try to deny the fact. Someone that is sued for taking affirmative action will rather try to justify his attitude. How to Stop Affirmative Action from Being Taken      Affirmative action is definitely not an effective diversity or opportunity policy; it is merely reverse discrimination. Given that a person obtains what he or she wishes because he or she belongs to a minority group – not because he or she deserves it, the policy is very unfair indeed. A fair policy would be one in which the best-skilled individual takes over a position at a company or someone who qualifies for a grant or scholarship to attend college obtains it.      On some occasions, there might be a court order for a company to take affirmative action. When this happens, it is usually in an attempt to settle a lawsuit that was placed because discriminatory policies were adopted by that particular company.     When affirmative action is taken on a voluntary basis without any good reason whatsoever, it becomes a legal transgression that is just as awful as discrimination. Obviously, a court cannot order a company taking affirmative action to be discriminatory from now on, as this would only be an awful crime.     The solution toward the problem of taking affirmative action is quite simple: the company should make their hiring and promotion decision based on the workers skills and qualifications, not based on the fact that that particular individual belongs to a minority group.      The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission should come up with some guidelines to prevent companies from taking affirmative action altogether. Those guidelines should be brought to the attention of the U.S. Senate in order for them to become laws. As we know, when a company is accused of taking affirmative action, judges and attorneys find it difficult to handle the case, because there are not enough laws against it.     Copying the laws of discrimination would not be an option, because a court would never order a company to discriminate, whereas it might order a company to take affirmative action as a remedy for past discriminatory activities. New laws need to be put in force, as laws against affirmative action were in some occasions questioning.     It is very painful to pinpoint that extreme affirmative action is widespread in the United States, and there does not seem to be any solution at first sight.  Under the assumption that affirmative is taken as a remedy toward discrimination, the number of individual that claim to suffer from affirmative actions exceeds the number of the ones who suffered from discrimination in the past and now benefit from the policy.     Empirically the official case for affirmative action is weak and conceptually it is loose. Believing that the policy has been good for America and that it has been an instantaneous move to color-blindness would be ill-advised.     Equal opportunity is supported by everybody, but it would be inappropriate to the extreme to believe that the way to achieve it is phasing out affirmative action. Michigan, a state in which there are many opponents, is one of the ones that have intended to ban affirmative action altogether, and such a measure is believed to be one of the harshest attacks on affirmative action to come to a vote anywhere in the country. This movement has been called Michigan Civil Rights Initiative and it deserves to be called the Michigan Anti-Affirmative Action Initiative. It was also intended to add language to the Michigan state constitution to disallow preferential treatment based on gender, or race. Other states following suit are California, Washington State, and Florida.      The passage of the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative would specifically ban public institutions from using affirmative action programs that give preferential treatment to people from minority groups and prohibit public institutions from discriminating against groups or individuals that do not belong to those groups.     The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative is indeed very appropriate and the whole country, as well as the whole world, should follow in their footsteps. Anderson, T.H. (2004). Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action. Oxford University Press, (p.2, 3 142) Belz, H. (1991) Equality Transformed, Transaction Publishers (p225 p226) Bernbach, J.M. (1998). Job Discrimination II, Voire Dire Press (p. 3 4) Burestein, P. (1994). Equal Employment Opportunity, Aldine Transaction (p. 85) Burestein, P. (1998). Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics. University of Chicago Press (p. 42) Clayton, S.D., Crosby, F.J. (1992). Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. University of Michigan Press (p. 1 2) Clayton, S.D., by F.J. , VanDeVeer, C. (2000). Sex, Race, and Merit. University of Michigan Press (p. 4) Curry, G.E. West, C. (1996). The Affirmative Action Debate, Basic Books (p. 17) Edwards, P.K. (2000). Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice. Blackwell Publishing (p. 9) Skrentny, J.D. (1996). The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture, and Justice in America. University of Chicago Press (p. 1 2) Steinhold, F.S. (2007) The Employee’s Legal Handbook, Nolo, (p. 156) Wolf-Devine, C. (1997) Diversity and Community in the Academy, Rowman Littlefield, (p. 182) Websters Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Judicial Retirement - A Supreme Idea? Essay -- U.S. Justice System
Supreme Court Justice Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) recently turned 75. Justice Kennedy is considered the â€Å"swing vote†on the current Supreme Court. He recently told acquaintances that he does not plan on leaving the Court any time soon (DeFrank). We tend to hold justices in high esteem; that they are superior in knowledge, wisdom, and fairness but, the truth is, they have faults and imperfections just like the rest of us. Our Constitution allows our justices to sit on the Court for life, termed as â€Å"good behaviour†(â€Å"U. S. Constitution†). Justice Kennedy appears to be in good mental and physical health, but it has not always been so with every justice. At what point does one become too old? Is it time to entertain an amendment to the Constitution that addresses this issue, or would testing and education resolve this point in question? In the past, justices have been mostly shielded from the public eye so, for the most part, illnesses and mental decrepitude went unnoticed. Today, with the ability for extensive media coverage, it has become difficult for justices to hide the conditions of their health. Justices’ ages and mental competence are not just recent considerations. Moreover, the solutions to some of the problems that have arisen have not always been the most excellent. One method for avoiding a debilitated Court would be to pass a Constitutional Amendment. It would take an amendment to impose a mandatory retirement age since the Constitution assures the justices life tenure to secure their judicial independence. This new amendment would propose to phase out older justices in an effort to be the most beneficial to the public for which they are meant to serve. Mark Levin writes in the pr... ...("Oyez") Lazarus, Edward. "The Problem of Supreme Court Justices' Remaining on the Bench Too Long: Although It's a Genuine Concern, Recently-Suggested Reforms Are More Problematic Than the Status Quo." FindLaw. Thomson Reuters, 14 Apr 2009. Web. 19 Apr 2012. . Levin, Mark R. Men in Black: How the Supreme Court is Destroying America. Washington, DC: Regency Publishing, Inc., 2005. Print. Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine, Inside The Secret World Of The Supreme Court. New York: Anchor, 2008. Print. "U.S. Constitution." U.S. Constitution. Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Represen, 2004. Web. 15 Mar 2012. . Lewis, John G. Personal Interview. 25 Mar 2012. Payton, John. Personal Interview. 18 Apr 2012.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Learning Team Reflection Summary Essay
The following we will discuss what as a class we have learned as well what can be applicable to our workplace or in our personal life. Also how our knowledge has increased as a result of what we experienced through the learning activities in the previous week. Our group decided to emphasize on Herb’s concoction and Martha’s Dilemma: The Case of the Deadly Fertilizer. We enjoyed as a group that the class read this dilemma and between the groups everyone got to discuss their opinion. The story about how Martha Wang who worked as a Consumer Affairs Department of a company called Herb’s Garden Products. Also was relatively new to the company and everyone else has been there for years. One day she gets a call from a dissatisfied customer who complained that Herb’s Special Fertilizer Mix killed her beloved dog. There after Martha takes down the consumer name and number and goes to her boss with the information. Her boss who happens to be Herb’s nephew brushes her off by laughing about the matter. Then to make matter worst she gets a call from Herb himself and which whispered to her that Herb’s special fertilizer is our best seller, and not to let them down. At the end of the story everyone had to answer the decision that Martha had to face and challenges? As well what we would recommendation we had for the company facing this situation? Our group felt that Martha’s dilemma has one way or another happen to each and one of us in some sort a way. As per the class discussion it seemed that everyone had at least once had this dilemma. In our group we had mix feeling about it for example some of us believed Martha should just leave the matter alone if she wanted to continue with her job. The rest of us believed there were a better ways of handling the situation than just ignoring it and that would be by investigating the situation further. Our thoughts were to ask her boss to permit Martha to follow an investigation on the matter to support the company’s good name; of course we all agreed that with the company’s permission of course. We discussed that if Martha persuades her company that the investigation would be for the company’s best of interest. That she would try to prove that the incident with this costumer was not caused by the company’s product, therefore any future complaints the company would have an answer which would help them defended them self’s. As per the company we discussed that they as well should support Martha and give her the tools need to back up the company. As a example given by one of our team members that his company has a full staff created to investigate any complaints from a consumer making sure there were any bad batch sent out to the customer and if so to recall that batch. It was interesting for our group to see we were not the only ones feeling both ways and that there were other groups with the similar opinions on the subject matter. We heard other explain their personal experience and that leaving the matter alone was the best way to handle it. As well those who took the lost the dog very personal and believed that an explanation or investigation would be much needed or ethical. This class has increased a least our group knowledge by discussing different types of situations and listening to other people’s point of views on the matter. We have learned a lot on planning, ethics, innovation, diversity, technology and how it affects all us in the business world, especially how to approach certain situation or other ways to handle them. One thing is for certain we are all egger to see what our next three weeks would be like.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Infancy and Early Childhood Development
Infancy and early childhood are referred to as those immature years of life and the stage at which most of a child’s development occurs. To strengthen the development of a child’s learning one must understand the physical and mental factors that affect a child’s development through observation and interaction. Development begins during the prenatal period on up to the early years and depends on the nutritional, medical, emotional, and intellectual support of parents, family members, caregivers, and teachers (Cherry, 2011). Parenting styles also play a role in what influences development as well as early childhood education programs. During the prenatal period when a child’s development begins, thus being aware of many factors that can damage the fetus and the development of a healthy child. In the early years the development of physical growth is through constant change. A key component in a child’s development is based on good nutrition as well as motor milestones needed for a child to succeed. Piaget and many other theorists refer to stages of specific age that defines the milestones reached. However, every child is different and so are there developmental successes (Berger, 2008). Infants develop skills based on their experiences in exploring the world around them. Physical play allows them to develop coordination as well as stronger muscles. Sensory skills are developed through taste, smell, touch, seeing, hearing, and from that perception is gained. Motor, sensory, and perceptual skills are supported by stimulation and a caring environment. Cognitive development occurs when a child becomes aware of physical sensations such as his or her mouth, hands, and feet. This is when an infant will explore and begin to understand what is around them (Berger, 2008). It is through early childhood that physical and neuropsychological changes help to increase coordination, control, manipulation, and movement through refining motor and perceptual skills. A good example of refining motor skills is through lacing and threading when tying their shoes as well as writing and drawing. It is these changes that create the milestones of such development. Environmental stimulus creates neurological development to control body functions to succeed in sports and other body-related skills. To enable such development to master such skills one must provide children with the opportunities of a challenging environment to learn and improve on such skills. The importance of childhood development is based on peer relationships, social play, and emotional development that help them build on self and moral values. As children engage in such play, he or she will begin to explore ways to solve problems as well as how they view other’s perspectives (Berger, 2008). It is through a stimulating and supportive environment that will allow a child to develop. The support of the parents, family members, and other individuals will help a child develop self-concept and self-esteem to learn and grow, and will be the foundation for building strong relationships with the ability to express emotion. Such a foundation will allow a child to develop by exploring new situations and being able to build on that to create healthy relationships (Berger, 2008). Parenting Styles and their Influence Family structure also affects both cognitive and emotional development of a child and is based on the size of the family and what order the child was born. However, a child’s performance is based on how safe and secure the child feels as well as an environment that provides warmth, consistency, and family communication. Family structure also leads to other factor that influences childhood development and the styles in which parents teach that may or may not be a supportive foundation. A clinical psychologist named Diane Baumrind discovered that there were four styles of parenting; however, three styles were displayed most. Her discovery came from a study that she had conducted on more than 100 children. This study of parenting and its effects on children displayed many aspects of parenting such as strategies of discipline, parental nurturance, styles of communication, and one’s level maturity and control. Observation from such dimensions created what is known as the four styles of parenting. Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parenting was a style of parenting that expected children to follow the rules and obey. Good behavior was rewarded; whereas, bad behavior was punished. This style of parenting felt as though they needed to give no eason other than â€Å"they said so. †Communication between parent and child was minimal with no response to child. Children who grew up from this type of parenting ranked lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem. Children are not allowed to make their own choices and given limited freedom. Authoritative Parenting Authoritative parenting is similar to that of authoritarian in terms of establishing rules and guidelines to follow, but much more democratic. However, this style of parenting is more responsive to their children. Though standards are set high there is room for decision-making. Parents are more willing to listen to their children and be more supportive rather than punitive. This style of parenting tends to result in happier children. These children tend to achieve higher grades in school, and have less social problems. Authoritative parenting helps children develop self-sufficiency and independence. This is the style of parenting I believe is most effective because it offers the most balanced approach to parenting. Parents enforce rules and limits, but do so to protect their children rather than stifle them. This style of parenting enforces rules when they need to but also allows their children to make mistakes and learn from them when the situation does not require strong discipline. Permissive Parenting Permissive parenting is what many refer to as understanding parents. They demand less and seldom discipline their children and create substandard assumptions of maturity level and self-control. Baumrind believes that indulgent parents are less demanding and more responsive. This parenting style would prefer to be a friend rather than a parent and can be a detriment because it teaches the child; rules do not need to be followed; thus, creating defiance of authority without worrying about the consequences of others. Children taught from this style of parenting tend to have low self-esteem, lack of self-control, and do poorly in school. These children will have difficulty in society associating with their peers and creating healthy relationships. Uninvolved parenting Uninvolved parenting ranks lowest of all life domains. This style of parenting makes few demands and communicates very little with little responsiveness. Uninvolved parents are detached from the lives of their children other than fulfilling basic needs and there are some instances in which the parents even neglect those. These children often feel rejected and lack in self-control, self-esteem, and rank less competent than the rest of their peers (Cherry, 2011). The way our children show respect, obedience, and discipline is created by the style a parent teaches his or her child. The nurturing support and love we provide is crucial to the development of our children and provide the means of our children being happy and healthy. Those children who learn better probably have a secure family life and supportive environment that will allow mistakes to be made from which children learn from without judgment being passed. By creating such a positive environment our children can explore, and we help to create those positive influences that allow children to succeed. Childhood Education and How it Influences Cognitive Development Childhood education is those activities and experiences created by educational programs and strategies intended to effect developmental changes in children. However, it begins in the home at an early age. As parents, we begin by being supportive of our child’s abilities while making sure that he or she is making all the necessary connections. Parents should be reading and singing as well as pointing out objects located in one’s environment and developing conversations with our children that builds on vocabulary. Allowing children to draw or color allows them to be expressive and gain that hand-eye coordination. Childcare givers also increase the benefits of our children’s development with giving them more conversation and interacting with other children. This type of setting allows them to try diverse activities and allows them to visit new places. In doing so, this will help to increase their thinking skills and teach them to follow directions. From this point, our children go into the pre-k programs and kindergarten. In general, children engage in much pretend play, thus building on cognitive skills by allowing the children to read others intentions, encouraging social interaction and helping them to distinguish between genuine and imaginary. This allows children to take on a social role representing reality through make believe. This stimulates the child’s ability to think for him or herself. Therefore, childhood play contributes to human development and allows the child to express by pretending social roles. Conclusion In conclusion, children continue to grow and learn as they move from infancy to toddler, and to school age. However, it is not just the physical aspects, but the cognitive aspects of thinking, imaginative play as well as language maturity. A child’s emotional, social, moral, and sexual factors are growing as well. In knowing those factors, one will obtain a better understanding about the importance of family influences, parenting styles, and childhood education. However, to understand these influences are not the only factors in the development of our children. The key is to apply practical everyday knowledge in how we care for our children and what it takes to meet their needs. Infancy and Early Childhood Development As a child develops families play a role in teaching the child. The first role is done through the five senses as a child’s brain develops. Parents are also responsible for making sure a child stays healthy. Piaget says that a child will learn through experiments in his or her world. Erickson and Freud also have ideas on family interaction in childhood development. Along with interaction a parent has different styles to bring up a child. These styles can help shape the child as he or she grows into adults. Early childhood education and cognitive development also play a role in childhood development also.Families affect development through interaction with a child, the parenting style used by the parent will also help shape the child as he or she grows, along with early education and cognitive development. Families play a role in infancy and early child development. Early childhood experience is in two categories; experience-dependent (cultural-bound) and experience-expectant ( universal) that aid in brain growth (Berger, 2008). As the brain grows senses and motor skills such as seeing, mobility progress, and hearing improve. The child’s environment helps with this as the brain will respond to different particulars in life.Also in the biosocial aspect of development is health, a child will grow at expected rates and have better survival rates when the parents or caregivers practice healthy habits for the child such as immunization and nutrition, and regular well child check-ups. Another view of family effects on development comes from cognitive views of Piaget. Piaget’s work on sensorimotor intelligence and information processing says that infants progress from knowing their world through experiments. The child is shown objects by the parent and the parent tells the child what he or she is seeing, such as a cup, ball, or bottle.This communication with the child is how the family helps the child with language development. According Berger (200 8), by one an infant can speak about two words, and by the age of two languages explodes, and at the toddler ages a child capable of speaking in short sentences. The last role from parents in the developing child comes from psychosocial theories. Emotions play a basic role in newborns two aspects of the role of emotions are from Erickson and Freud. Erickson’s theory is one of trust versus mistrust, and Freud’s theory is one of oral and anal stages. Both theories express the guidance given by parents to help raise their children.Parents and children play together, which helps develop social skills and attachment. Through attachment a child learns to explore and become independent in his or her world (Berger, 2008). Social play and attachment encourage social confidence. Besides play a parent must use a style to raise the child. Parenting styles vary the three most used styles consist of authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. Authoritarian parents controls, evalua tes behavior, and attitudes of the child with standard rules of conduct. A child who fails to follow the set rules normally receives punishment with no explanation regarding why.According to Baumrind (1991), these parents are â€Å"status and obedience oriented, and expect rules to be followed without explanation. †The authoritative parent also sets rules for his or her child. Authoritative parenting styles also sets rules for a child but unlike the authoritarian parent the parent is much more democratic about it. This parenting style permits the parent to be more responsive to the child’s needs, and listen to questions and concerns the child may have. The child is not punished when he or she does not meet expectations of the parent as the parent is more nurturing, and forgiving.Discipline with the authoritative parent is more supportive than punitive, as the parent wants the child to be assertive, socially responsible, self-regulating, and cooperative (Baumrind, 1991 ). The last of the three parenting styles is permissive. The permissive parent consults with the child about decisions, gives reasons for rules, and makes few demands of the child. The permissive parent is more of a resource for the child to use, and is not active in shaping or altering the child. The permissive parent will try to manipulate the child to arrive at desired results but will not show power over the child (Baumrind, 1991).Of the three parenting stages authoritative parenting has the best balance. Authoritative parents want for the child, helps shape the child into an upstanding citizen while nurturing and firm in rules. This parenting style values the expressiveness of the child, and still setting standards for the child. The authoritative parent will also be objective, uses reason, power, and shapes and reinforces achievements and objective for the child, but does this with consensus of the child and the child’s desires (Baumrind, 1991). Besides parenting educat ion and cognitive development are important for a child.Early childhood education can began in the 1800s with private classes in a person’s home. Serious studies of cognition and early education began with Piaget’s work in defining stages of development. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are both famous for theories on cognition, and early learning of young children. Piaget whom began his career as a biologist teaching in a boy’s school found an interest in child development after helping design a test on intelligence. His theory was that a child could not perform tasks until he or she was psychologically mature enough (Berger, 2008).His second stage or preoperational stage works in the classroom with the child using language to define objects. Vygotsky theory on early childhood learning is more of a social one. Vygotsky theory is a basis of young children’s thinking being self-centered and at time magical. His theory was a second aspect of cognition; young ch ildren can be sensitive to other people’s emotions and wishes. Every aspect of child development is in social context, children are curious and observant. Vygotsky called this apprentice in thinking, as older children and adults are the teachers of society.Younger children are guided participates as they learn to think from their mentors. Vygotsky belief was that children could do anything with the assistance of others in their social network (Berger, 2008). In conclusion as the brain grows, the interaction from the parent helps the brain develop, along with parent keeping a healthy regimen. Parent and caregiver interacting with the child helps the child learn language. The three parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive help shape with rules and responsibilities.The well balanced parenting style is authoritative; allowing the child to understand why he or she is receives punishment, shapes and reinforces the child, and takes the child’s feeling in to consideration. Early childhood education began in the 1800s. Piaget and Vygotsky both believed that education was important. Piaget thought that a child learned he or she was psychologically mature enough. Vygotsky belief was that children learn from others and could do anything with the help from their mentors. Cognition is needed to help a child learn, develop, and grow. Infancy and Early Childhood Development Infancy and early childhood are referred to as those immature years of life and the stage at which most of a child’s development occurs. To strengthen the development of a child’s learning one must understand the physical and mental factors that affect a child’s development through observation and interaction. Development begins during the prenatal period on up to the early years and depends on the nutritional, medical, emotional, and intellectual support of parents, family members, caregivers, and teachers (Cherry, 2011). Parenting styles also play a role in what influences development as well as early childhood education programs. During the prenatal period when a child’s development begins, thus being aware of many factors that can damage the fetus and the development of a healthy child. In the early years the development of physical growth is through constant change. A key component in a child’s development is based on good nutrition as well as motor milestones needed for a child to succeed. Piaget and many other theorists refer to stages of specific age that defines the milestones reached. However, every child is different and so are there developmental successes (Berger, 2008). Infants develop skills based on their experiences in exploring the world around them. Physical play allows them to develop coordination as well as stronger muscles. Sensory skills are developed through taste, smell, touch, seeing, hearing, and from that perception is gained. Motor, sensory, and perceptual skills are supported by stimulation and a caring environment. Cognitive development occurs when a child becomes aware of physical sensations such as his or her mouth, hands, and feet. This is when an infant will explore and begin to understand what is around them (Berger, 2008). It is through early childhood that physical and neuropsychological changes help to increase coordination, control, manipulation, and movement through refining motor and perceptual skills. A good example of refining motor skills is through lacing and threading when tying their shoes as well as writing and drawing. It is these changes that create the milestones of such development. Environmental stimulus creates neurological development to control body functions to succeed in sports and other body-related skills. To enable such development to master such skills one must provide children with the opportunities of a challenging environment to learn and improve on such skills. The importance of childhood development is based on peer relationships, social play, and emotional development that help them build on self and moral values. As children engage in such play, he or she will begin to explore ways to solve problems as well as how they view other’s perspectives (Berger, 2008). It is through a stimulating and supportive environment that will allow a child to develop. The support of the parents, family members, and other individuals will help a child develop self-concept and self-esteem to learn and grow, and will be the foundation for building strong relationships with the ability to express emotion. Such a foundation will allow a child to develop by exploring new situations and being able to build on that to create healthy relationships (Berger, 2008). Parenting Styles and their Influence Family structure also affects both cognitive and emotional development of a child and is based on the size of the family and what order the child was born. However, a child’s performance is based on how safe and secure the child feels as well as an environment that provides warmth, consistency, and family communication. Family structure also leads to other factor that influences childhood development and the styles in which parents teach that may or may not be a supportive foundation. A clinical psychologist named Diane Baumrind discovered that there were four styles of parenting; however, three styles were displayed most. Her discovery came from a study that she had conducted on more than 100 children. This study of parenting and its effects on children displayed many aspects of parenting such as strategies of discipline, parental nurturance, styles of communication, and one’s level maturity and control. Observation from such dimensions created what is known as the four styles of parenting. Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parenting was a style of parenting that expected children to follow the rules and obey. Good behavior was rewarded; whereas, bad behavior was punished. This style of parenting felt as though they needed to give no eason other than â€Å"they said so. †Communication between parent and child was minimal with no response to child. Children who grew up from this type of parenting ranked lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem. Children are not allowed to make their own choices and given limited freedom. Authoritative Parenting Authoritative parenting is similar to that of authoritarian in terms of establishing rules and guidelines to follow, but much more democratic. However, this style of parenting is more responsive to their children. Though standards are set high there is room for decision-making. Parents are more willing to listen to their children and be more supportive rather than punitive. This style of parenting tends to result in happier children. These children tend to achieve higher grades in school, and have less social problems. Authoritative parenting helps children develop self-sufficiency and independence. This is the style of parenting I believe is most effective because it offers the most balanced approach to parenting. Parents enforce rules and limits, but do so to protect their children rather than stifle them. This style of parenting enforces rules when they need to but also allows their children to make mistakes and learn from them when the situation does not require strong discipline. Permissive Parenting Permissive parenting is what many refer to as understanding parents. They demand less and seldom discipline their children and create substandard assumptions of maturity level and self-control. Baumrind believes that indulgent parents are less demanding and more responsive. This parenting style would prefer to be a friend rather than a parent and can be a detriment because it teaches the child; rules do not need to be followed; thus, creating defiance of authority without worrying about the consequences of others. Children taught from this style of parenting tend to have low self-esteem, lack of self-control, and do poorly in school. These children will have difficulty in society associating with their peers and creating healthy relationships. Uninvolved parenting Uninvolved parenting ranks lowest of all life domains. This style of parenting makes few demands and communicates very little with little responsiveness. Uninvolved parents are detached from the lives of their children other than fulfilling basic needs and there are some instances in which the parents even neglect those. These children often feel rejected and lack in self-control, self-esteem, and rank less competent than the rest of their peers (Cherry, 2011). The way our children show respect, obedience, and discipline is created by the style a parent teaches his or her child. The nurturing support and love we provide is crucial to the development of our children and provide the means of our children being happy and healthy. Those children who learn better probably have a secure family life and supportive environment that will allow mistakes to be made from which children learn from without judgment being passed. By creating such a positive environment our children can explore, and we help to create those positive influences that allow children to succeed. Childhood Education and How it Influences Cognitive Development Childhood education is those activities and experiences created by educational programs and strategies intended to effect developmental changes in children. However, it begins in the home at an early age. As parents, we begin by being supportive of our child’s abilities while making sure that he or she is making all the necessary connections. Parents should be reading and singing as well as pointing out objects located in one’s environment and developing conversations with our children that builds on vocabulary. Allowing children to draw or color allows them to be expressive and gain that hand-eye coordination. Childcare givers also increase the benefits of our children’s development with giving them more conversation and interacting with other children. This type of setting allows them to try diverse activities and allows them to visit new places. In doing so, this will help to increase their thinking skills and teach them to follow directions. From this point, our children go into the pre-k programs and kindergarten. In general, children engage in much pretend play, thus building on cognitive skills by allowing the children to read others intentions, encouraging social interaction and helping them to distinguish between genuine and imaginary. This allows children to take on a social role representing reality through make believe. This stimulates the child’s ability to think for him or herself. Therefore, childhood play contributes to human development and allows the child to express by pretending social roles. Conclusion In conclusion, children continue to grow and learn as they move from infancy to toddler, and to school age. However, it is not just the physical aspects, but the cognitive aspects of thinking, imaginative play as well as language maturity. A child’s emotional, social, moral, and sexual factors are growing as well. In knowing those factors, one will obtain a better understanding about the importance of family influences, parenting styles, and childhood education. However, to understand these influences are not the only factors in the development of our children. The key is to apply practical everyday knowledge in how we care for our children and what it takes to meet their needs.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
125 final paper Essays - Free Essays
Advantages and Challenges Eth/125 final paper Essays - Free Essays Advantages and Challenges Eth/125 final paper Advantages and Challenges Eth/125 7/7/2013 Advantages and Challenges I live in southern California where the area and city I live in has always be extremely diverse culturally. From pre-school all the way to Jr. College I have had diverse classroom and schools as a whole. From my first job working at McDonalds, then moving on to construction working for the Drywall Union, then working in the mortgage industry, moving on to working for Yokohama Tire Corp. and their race team traveling all over the world, to where I am now, working for the city of Los Angeless Water Department I have always worked along side people outside my social identity and even culture. I was taught as a young child that respect was to be given to everyone and anyone until they proved undeserving. My family never showed any type of prejudice or racism while I was growing up, so I never knew any different, but to treat everyone the same, unless they deserved to be treated different by their own actions. To say I learned anything new that helped me to relate to people outside my social identity would be difficult to agree to. I feel I also am very aware of how other in the country and or world feel different than the way I do. I am very involved with world events, I am intrigued with psychology and am an avid people watcher. Not many things stand out to me that I may or may not have already known prior to this class. What I can say is, that I was surprised by some of the discussion post I read, about how little people in this country are aware of the prejudice and racism or discrimination that is out in the world. We live in a day in age where information travels so fast and to so many so easily, it truly is disheartening how uninformed many people are, or how little they care to read about what is going on in the world. One of the things I did enjoy researching was my own cultural history, being Norwegian. Today we have so many arguments or disagreements about immigration; its almost impossible to find an answer that everyone will be happy with. When I was researching my own heritage to find out what kind of discrimination, prejudice or racism my family encountered for one of our weekly assignments, I was pleasantly surprised by what I found. Like many immigrants of the late 1800s and early 1900s, they came to the United States the way the Government required immigrants to. The followed the process of immigration, paid their dues and waited their turn. My family came here, hardly knowing the language, however made it from Ellis Island, NY to Lakota, North Dakota with in a single year and Owned over 200 acres of farmland by the end of their second year living in the United States. In order to write the assignment I was looking for some form of prejudice, discrimination or racism people from my fam ilys homeland experienced as they immigrated. What I found was this While Norwegian immigrants did not face strong anti-immigrant sentiment, they were the targets of some unfriendly remarks. Sometimes they were called "guests," a label signifying that the Norwegians were not part of America and implied that they would eventually leave. However, when it became necessary to interact outside their communities to run their farms, Norwegians began to develop relations with the larger American society ("The Advocates For Human Rights", 2011) This is a far cry from what the majority of immigrants in those days, including the Native Americans who were already living here had to endure through out the history of our nation. It seems that like most new comers to, whether it be a country or a school or a job, it takes a while to be fully welcomed by everybody, and my family and the others from Norway who immigrated here had a far less difficult time assimilating to American society than many h ad and have since. Its hard to say what the country will look like in 50 years when considering immigration and what has happened in
Monday, October 21, 2019
15 Types of Documents
15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents By Mark Nichol Many terms exist that distinguish one form of documentation from another. Here are some words for specific documents, with explanations of their functions as well as additional definitions of the terms. 1. Bond: an agreement made binding by a payment of money if the agreement is not honored; also, an adhesive, restraining, or uniting element, force, or object, or, as a verb, to create such an effect 2. Certificate: a document attesting that something is true or someone is qualified, or proving debt or ownership, or, as a verb, to certify 3. Charter: a written contract or instrument, or grant or guarantee, that defines conditions, privileges, or rights, or a lease of all or part of a vessel, or, as a verb, to confer such an agreement, or to offer for hire 4. Compact: an agreement (related but not identical to compact, meaning â€Å"dense†) 5. Constitution: a written instrument detailing a political or social entity’s rules and the rights of its citizens or members, the laws or principles of such an entity, or any custom or law; also, the composition or establishment of something 6. Contract: a document detailing an agreement, often enforceable by law, between people or parties, or the agreement itself, or, as a verb, to enter into an agreement; also, in criminal jargon, an arrangement to assassinate someone 7. Covenant: a document recording a formal binding agreement, or the agreement itself, or an action to remedy breach of such an agreement, or, as a verb, to make such an agreement 8. Diploma: usually refers to a record of a degree earned from an educational institution, although it also applies rarely in general to a document conferring an honor or privilege or to an official document 9. Guarantee: a written or stated agreement about possessing or using something or about the longevity or quality of a product, or the agent of such as agreement, or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 10. Guaranty: synonymous with guarantee, but also an agreement to be responsible for payment of a debt or performance of a duty, or a pledge (see below), or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 11. License: a document or other item that is evidence of the granting of a license, or the authority to engage in an activity, or assignment of some or all rights by a patent or copyright holder to another, or, as a verb to grant such a document; also, straying from artistic forms or standards and, generally, freedom or permission to act, or, specifically, irresponsibly or with disregard for standards (in the latter senses, also referred to as licentiousness) 12. Passport: a document authorizing the bearer to pass into and out of sovereign nations, or, as a verb to send or take items through a country; also, generally, authorization or permission to travel, or, figuratively, something that enables achievement of a goal 13. Pledge: a binding promise to do or not do something, or a contract for performance of an act or security of a debt, or the security itself, or, as a verb, to agree to such a promise or contract 14. Surety: synonymous with guarantee or pledge, or certainty, confidence, or the foundation of confidence or security 15. Warrant: a document assigning authority to do or act, or, as a verb, to assure, declare, or guarantee Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Cuánto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes
Cunto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes La peticià ³n de papeles para su cà ³nyuge realizada por un residente permanente se demora, en el momento de escribir este artà culo, entre aproximadamente 21 meses de mà nimo y 30 de mximo. En este artà culo se explican las causas de la demora, cà ³mo es posible hacer un clculo ms detallado, segà ºn el caso de cada solicitante, cosas que deben saberse mientras se estn en el medio del proceso de la tramitacià ³n y, por à ºltimo, quà © causas pueden dar lugar a la negacià ³n de peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. 4 factores que determinan la demora la green card para cà ³nyuges de residentes La demora de la peticià ³n, la cual se puede presentar para un cà ³nyuge del mismo sexo o del sexo opuesto, depende, bsicamente, de cuatro: En primer lugar, de quà © oficina del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà a (USCIS) debe aprobar la peticià ³n En segundo lugar, de la oficina consular en la que se realiza la entrevista para los casos de cà ³nyuge fuera de Estados Unidos o de la oficina del USCIS que debe aprobar el ajuste de estatus, para el caso de cà ³nyuges en situacià ³n migratoria legal en los Estados Unidos En tercer lugar, del nà ºmero total de peticiones de esta categorà a, ya que existe un nà ºmero mximo que se puede aprobar por aà ±o fiscal y asà , cuando se alcanza dicho nà ºmero las oficinas del gobierno paralizar el nà ºmero de peticiones aprobadas hasta que el inicio del siguiente aà ±o fiscal. Y en cuarto lugar, del paà s de nacimiento de la persona pedida ya que para Mà ©xico aplican unas fechas y para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a, otras. Pero es posible calcular las demoras y tambià ©n verificar cada poco si hay cambios en los tiempos de tramitacià ³n. Adems, si todavà a no se ha iniciado el trmite, esto es lo que se debe hacer para que un residente solicite la green card para su cà ³nyuge. Paso 1: demora el USCIS en aprobar la peticià ³n El primer paso en la obtencià ³n de la green card para el cà ³nyuge es que el USCIS apruebe la solicitud. El paquete con ella se envà a a una oficina (depende del lugar en el que se reside) y, una vez, allà , se distribuye entre los llamados Centros de Servicio. A las pocas semanas de haber enviado el paquete con la solicitud se recibe una carta que tambià ©n se conoce con el nombre de NOA1. Contiene informacià ³n importante, como el nà ºmero de caso y tambià ©n el lugar en el que va a tramitar la solicitud. Una vez que se sabe cul ha tocado, ir a esta pgina oficial, bajar el cursor, elegir el Centro de Servicio adecuado y presionar en centro de servicio fechas de trmite. A partir de ahà se abre una pgina y hacia la mitad de la misma buscar formulario I-130 peticià ³n para pariente extranjero y verificar la opcià ³n de peticià ³n de un residente permanente para un cà ³nyuge o un nià ±o menor de 21 aà ±os. Y el tiempo de procesamiento son los meses en los que el USCIS se demora para contestar si aprueba la peticià ³n o la deniega. Lo notifica con una carta conocida como NOA2 que es muy importante porque ahà aparece la fecha de prioridad. Paso 2. La gran espera por los papeles Una vez que el USCIS aprueba la solicitud hay que esperar por una visa disponible. Esto quiere decir que por ley hay un nà ºmero limitado de peticiones de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden hacer en esta categorà a de solicitudes de residente para esposo, lo que se conoce como F2A.  Y como el nà ºmero de solicitudes es ms grande que el nà ºmero de visas disponibles entonces se producen unos retrasos. Cada mes el Departamento de estado publica el boletà n de visas. Ahà es el lugar donde informarse si ya hay visa disponible y se acabà ³ la espera. La manera de mirarlo es teniendo la fecha de prioridad en la mano. Si la fecha es anterior al dà a que el boletà n de visas seà ±ala para la categorà a F2A, eso quiere decir que comienza de nuevo la tramitacià ³n que falta.Si es ms reciente, hay que seguir esperando. En la actualidad, el boletà n de visas est dividido en dos grandes categorà as. En el caso en que se puede ajustar el estatus, verificar la fecha en dates for filing. Por el contrario, los casos con procedimiento consular deben consular el final action. Paso 3. Ajuste de estatus o procedimiento consular Entonces pueden pasar dos cosas segà ºn dà ³nde se encuentra el cà ³nyuge pedido: Si est en Estados Unidos legalmente se puede proceder a su ajuste de estatus. Y aquà se explica cà ³mo verificar los tiempos de demora para eso. Recordar que los esposos de residentes en situacià ³n migratoria de ilegalidad no pueden ajustar su estatus y, por lo tanto, antes de iniciar cualquier trmite migratorio deberà an consultar y asesorarse con un abogado. Si la persona pedida est fuera de Estados Unidos habr unas gestiones (como envà o del affidavit of support) con el Centro Nacional de Visas y los pasos finales se harn en el paà s de cada uno, incluyendo una entrevista en el consulado o Embajada. Aunque las demoras varà an por paà s en là neas generales puede decirse que desde que hay visa disponible a la finalizacià ³n del proceso no pasan ms de seis meses. Problemas en la peticià ³n de la green card para esposos Estas son 42 causas por las que se deniega la green card. No todos los problemas son iguales, ya que en algunos casos es posible pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver. En otros casos, el castigo es solamente temporal. Finalmente, en algunas circunstancias no ser posible encontrar arreglo y no se obtendr la green card. Adems, tratndose de un matrimonio, el USCIS y, en su caso, el consulado va a poner atencià ³n para averiguar si el matrimonio es real o es sà ³lo de conveniencia. Recordar que los esposos de residentes que estn en Estados Unidos como indocumentados no pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio. Con lo que si los piden en esa situacià ³n tendrn que salir de Estados Unidos y allà puede saltar el problema del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Por todas estas razones dichas, es recomendable antes de iniciar trmite asesorarse con un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n cuando alguno de esos problemas puedan aparecer. Mientras se est esperando por los papeles Mientras se espera por la green card, puede suceder que el solicitante cambie de estatus legal al naturalizarse y convertirse en ciudadano estadounidense. Esto es lo que debe hacer si el residente se convierte en ciudadano. Por otra parte, tambià ©n mientras se espera por la green card si el cà ³nyuge est fuera de Estados Unidos puede que desee viajar para reunirse con su esposa o marido. Pero esto no siempre es posible y conviene enterarse de las posibilidades de ser exitoso al pedir una visa de turista mientras se espera por green card. Asimismo, como las cosas de amor pueden ser cambiantes, es importante conocer cà ³mo afecta el divorcio a la green card. Consejos para que todo el trmite resulte bien Estados Unidos es un paà s diferente en muchos aspectos como por ejemplo, el migratorio, el legal, o en materia de impuestos, etc. Para evitar problemas y conocer los derechos todas las personas que desean emigrar deberà an familiarizarse cuanto antes con los aspectos bsicos del paà s y asà evitar ms tarde problemas indeseados. Adems, este es un listado de telà ©fonos y pginas webs en los que se puede verificar informacià ³n sobre el caso y obtener buenos recursos migratorios.  Finalmente, se aconseja tomar este quiz - trivial o test- para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos para obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia. Es difà cil conseguirla. No corras el riesgo de que te la cancelen por ignorancia. Este artà culo es sà ³lo informativo, no es consejo legal.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Leadership Vision and Strategic Direction Coursework
Leadership Vision and Strategic Direction - Coursework Example The researcher states that for overall organizational growth, the company and its leaders must bear in mind the hardships that come with long-term visions, resulting from the existence of uncertainty in the future. In his article, Brecken acknowledges the presence of ambiguity in all visions that dwell on the organization’s future. He states that there lies a lot of vagueness that hampers the leaders’ will to set long-term organizational goals, due to the fear that they may not achieve it owing to the changing environment. Such fears may be in some way considered helpful but largely amount to organizational failure. In the article, the author acknowledges the existence of these fears and their role in the organization. Brecken states, â€Å"But what will the future hold for those who fail to consider it?†. The question proves that the author considers the ambiguity of the future and helps the reader to use it for his or her gain. With the anticipation that change s can occur in the future, leaders can set their priorities right to maximize productivity. Management consultants posit that leaders assume a critical role in a company's development. It is their anticipation of the company’s growth that results in the achievement of the set objectives. Without the leader’s vision for the organization, the possibility of failure and lack of goal achievement is extremely high, therefore holding a dangerous future for the organization. Brecken focuses on the need for a visionary leader in an organization prospecting to succeed in the future. The leader is the pillar of the organization, and his or her view of the company is possibly its reflection in the upcoming. A futurist leader, therefore, holds the company’s vision in place and ensures that all the employees steer their efforts towards goal achievement within the set time range.
Pfizer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Pfizer - Research Paper Example The company was an instant success and by the start of the 20th century, the sales had peaked more than 3 billion dollars (Rodengen, 1999). The drugs of the company reach to almost every country of the world. Currently, the company employs more than 0.1 million people worldwide (Mennen, 2010). During the First World War, the company played an important role in supplying drugs, specially, penicillin for the Allied forces. However, towards the 1940s, penicillin, which was the prime product of the company, became a common drug and its prices went down, therefore, Pfizer decided to search for alternative drugs. During this time, the company decided to maintain a harmony between its manufacturing and research operations. It was during the 1950s and beyond that, the company focused on international expansions quickly moving to attractive markets such as Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Turkey, United Kingdom, and others (Rodengen, 1999). Feldene (piroxicam) became the first medicine of Pfizer, which was able to hit the 1 billion sales mark in the United States. Despite the fact that the company has suffered from four legal claims from the US Department of Justice, which have created fines, which remain largest for any health care company in the United States, the company still appears to be in good financial shape and sufficient liquidity as well (Mennen, 2010). â€Å"Lipitor Lyrica, Celebrex, Norvasc, Viagra, Xalatan/Xalacom, Detrol/Detrol LA, Zyvox, Geodon/Zeldox, Sutent, and Genotropin are the highest revenue generating drugs for the company†(Pfizer, 2011). Currently, Ian Read, who serves as the President and the Chief Executive Officer of the company at the same time, is leading the company. For the last year of 2010, Pfizer has a gross profit margin of 76.81 percent and a net profit margin of 12.56 percent. With more than 7.9 billion shares outstanding, it has a market capitalization of 165.29 billion US dollars (Pfizer, 2011). Currently, as of the last financial r eports of 2010, the company appears to be in good financial shape when the market place is suffering from a financial crunch. Towards the end of the year 2010, the company declared that it would pay a dividend of 20 cent per common stock for the first quarter of 2011 (Msn Money, 2011). This is an 11 percent increase from last year and would be the 289th consecutive dividend payout, which is a manifestation of the company’s commitment with its shareholders and earning them a decent return on their investment (Sander, 2010). Another poof of company’s good financial health is the recent wave of merges and acquisitions, which would definitely improve the industry structure by decreasing the rivalry and making the company an even bigger giant. In January 2009, Pfizer acquired Wyeth, a strong rival for around sixty-eight billion US dollars (Sander, 2010). This remains the second biggest merger in the corporate history and makes Pfizer the largest pharmaceutical company on th e globe. Pfizer also agreed to buy â€Å"King Pharmaceuticals in the fall of 2010 for 3.6 billion US dollars, which is nearly 40 percent premium considering the last share price†(Pfizer, 2011). Pfizer was the only company in the year 2009 to introduce 14 new blockbuster products and according to the reports of 2010,
Friday, October 18, 2019
Feasibility study of BAC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Feasibility study of BAC - Essay Example Happy-Smile BAC Financial Representative Code 3394 Re: Contract N234734-56-E-2353 BAC Circuitry Board Corporation Contract Task Order (CTO) 2324 Draft Final RI/FS Business Proposal Unit No. 45 Dear Mr. Happy-Smile, PAL Feasible Firm, Inc (FS) is contented to submit the Feasibility study (FS) work plan and proposal concerning the remedy of bottlenecks. The deliverable will be submitted due two weeks (dated December 25, 2011). They are incorporated with the comments of FS proposal that was submitted two weeks earlier that is (dated 10 2011). There existed no changes what so ever in the previously delivered proposal and hence no final draft will be submitted. In accordance with the scheduled proposal provided earlier are due not later than two weeks from delivery (dated January 4, 2012). If you have any questions regarding this submittal, please contact PAL Feasible Firm. Sincerely, PAL Feasible Firm, INC. Jacobs Jolly Project Manager Cc: Project Manager BAC Feasibility Study of BAC Rat ionale Feasibility studies can be employed in various ways, primarily focusing on proposed commercial ventures. Therefore, they are meant to rationally clarify the opportunities and threats in a business. For instance, in BAC firm, it is proposed to deal with bottlenecks to inflate the firm’s production and in the long-run maximize profits. Hence early determination of the viability of the notion before proceeding to the implementation stage is significantly recommended in BAC. Thus the study will provide a risk free opportunity in combating bottlenecks within the organization. Though the task may seem overwhelming, it may be cost effective and hence lure a potential investor to venture into the business for encroachment into other markets that is expansion (Kreigsmann, 1979 p. 35-42). Need for the Study The firm’s operations are primarily declining due to production bottleneck. This is as a result of unplanned shifting of workload from one process to another. The firm is therefore, having an uphill task in anticipating the workload pile up in the firm daily as a consequence of individual orders from clienteles who impose completely different workloads in each operation carried out (Rick, 1999 p. 15). Furthermore, the firm considers 4-day-rush orders which demand reworking at either one or two operations. In this event it delays delivery processes and modification necessary, because employees are shifted from one operation to another depending on demand of operation. As a consequence of this some workstations are left vacant and others overloaded. Scope of the Project The report will look into how combating bottlenecks can work in the long-run enduring financial risks in the course of the business. Furthermore, it will aid in discovering the potential working strategy and cash flows. On the other hand planners will be able to critically focus on bottlenecks and target practicable options. The employees will therefore depict their response through positive or negative feedback upon execution of the plan in BAC. BAC is a firm that deals with the manufacturing of printed circuit boards to the specifications of its different customers. Thus the firm applies innovative designs and archetype production methodologies that facilitate the firm to be adept in resolving clientele issues. Conversely, despite the successful continuance of BAC employees over its processes, several setbacks have been encountered in sustaining the firm’
Age and Gender Conflicts in the workplace Research Paper
Age and Gender Conflicts in the workplace - Research Paper Example This is so needed as there is room for understanding and empathy for one another and what must not take the rounds of organizations is a lack of civility and complete abhorrence with the standards and practices which are rampant in a workplace domain. Workplace conflicts can be of expounding nature because these bring about bad blood amongst the employees and they start feeling alienated for all the wrong reasons. What the top management does is important because it essentially decides the good and the bad aspects, and then passes on the directions to the human resources management department, which later on carries the same forward. Gender conflicts do arise when men and women have problem in working along with one another. These could mean that either of the two genders have issues in coordinating or getting along with each other. This could essentially hurt the basis of the business and bring problems left, right and center. The role of the leadership is one of an important one because it needs to decide for its own self what course of action to undertake. If the leadership is weak and compromising, then there is a good amount of material available with the research done that the conflicts would increase within the workplace with each passing day. Such discussions center on the dictum that work takes the back seat and foolish rifts crop up every now and then. This is a very discouraging situation at work and should be avoided as much as possible (Schultz 2003). If the leaders do not realize their due role, it would be very easy to deduce that they are not doing their jobs properly. What this also means is the fact that the leadership must pull up its socks so that the sanctity of the organization could be restored, and that there are minimal issues which crop up every now and then. The employees look up to the leaders, which in this case would comprise of the top level management and hence it is the duty of the latter to make sure that
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2
Leadership - Essay Example charismatic leader must have particular interpersonal skills and h must have the potential of communicating the goals which are required to be accomplished by the workforce. The corporate leaders are aware of the importance of customer satisfaction and they try to propose strategies which enhance the overall values derived by the customers. The leaders are motivated and confident and they constantly come up with strategies for engaging the employees. Leadership has nothing to do with the seniority or age of the employees and it is free from the dominance of the titles within an organization. Leadership is a trait which is not associated to the personal attributes of the individuals (Kur & Bunning, 2002). In this report a discussion will be presented about the role of the leaders in aligning the employees of the organization. For explaining this fact the role of the corporate leadership in reforming certain organization will be discussed. Different forms of leadership will pose a discussion about the corporate leadership of the organization. Relevant models and theories will be used for analyzing the role of corporate leadership towards the success of the organizations. For the analysis of the role of the corporate leadership on decision making of some of the companies will be discussed. These companies will be selected from the list of FTSE-100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. The companies which will be subject to discussion will include British American Tobacco, Glaxo Smith Kline and Tesco. The analysis of the role of their corporate leadership on the organizational success will be elaborately discussed. Using the details presented and analyzing the examples discusse d certain advices will be presented to the leaders of the SME’s located in Thailand. The learning outcomes of the report will be discussed so that the role of leadership and its contribution to the success of the modern day organization can be discussed. Leadership is considered as a
Paper Topic in the direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Paper Topic in the direction - Essay Example 6 years later, he developed a document that would abolish slavery Northwest (Jefferson, 12). He sticks to the decision of emancipating slaves who would be within the process of democracy. Abolition will be pushed until the owners of slave agree to free the human property in a wide spectrum of emancipation. Jefferson thought that the act was not democratic and was against the principles and rules of American Revolution for the nation to enact the abolition issue or for planters to let the slaves go. Although Jefferson continued advocating for abolition of slavery, the reality behind slavery was that it was becoming entrenched in the American system (Jefferson, 34). The population of slaves on Virginia increases tremendously from a figure of 292627 slaves in 1790s to 470000 in 1830s. Jefferson thought that the slave trade abolition would weaken the issue of slavery and increase its ultimate. Instead, the issue of slavery became more vast and profitable. Trying to eradicate the Vi rginia support for slavery, Jefferson discouraged crop cultivation that are labor intensive such as tobacco, and encouraged the product of less labor-intensive crops such as wine grapes, sugar maples, grained rice, and wheat. In 1800s, the most valuable commodity in Virginia was mainly slaves. His stance in ending the issue of slavery did not change. From mid 1770s until he died, Jefferson advocated a similar plan to gradually emancipate. First, the issue of transatlantic slave would be removed; secondly, the lawn owners would upgrade the violent features of slavery by improving the living conditions and moderating the punishment for the slaves. Thirdly, those born under the slavery regime would set free following abolition. Like the current leaders, Jefferson supported the removal of freed slaves that was present in US. His unintended effect on the plan was the objective of removing the issue
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2
Leadership - Essay Example charismatic leader must have particular interpersonal skills and h must have the potential of communicating the goals which are required to be accomplished by the workforce. The corporate leaders are aware of the importance of customer satisfaction and they try to propose strategies which enhance the overall values derived by the customers. The leaders are motivated and confident and they constantly come up with strategies for engaging the employees. Leadership has nothing to do with the seniority or age of the employees and it is free from the dominance of the titles within an organization. Leadership is a trait which is not associated to the personal attributes of the individuals (Kur & Bunning, 2002). In this report a discussion will be presented about the role of the leaders in aligning the employees of the organization. For explaining this fact the role of the corporate leadership in reforming certain organization will be discussed. Different forms of leadership will pose a discussion about the corporate leadership of the organization. Relevant models and theories will be used for analyzing the role of corporate leadership towards the success of the organizations. For the analysis of the role of the corporate leadership on decision making of some of the companies will be discussed. These companies will be selected from the list of FTSE-100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. The companies which will be subject to discussion will include British American Tobacco, Glaxo Smith Kline and Tesco. The analysis of the role of their corporate leadership on the organizational success will be elaborately discussed. Using the details presented and analyzing the examples discusse d certain advices will be presented to the leaders of the SME’s located in Thailand. The learning outcomes of the report will be discussed so that the role of leadership and its contribution to the success of the modern day organization can be discussed. Leadership is considered as a
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Segmentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Segmentation - Term Paper Example Segments are the portions attained after considering the various variables that include age, gender, and societal class in terms of income generation, attitudes, and opinions. Other factors include their interests, physique, and their knowledge status among many others. Segmentation is part of the many tools and theories in the marketing world (Wedel and Kamakura 69). For instance, the manufacturing of the products is within the target needs of a specific part of a population. This paper will seek to expound on the various steps involved in analyzing of the same. The other objectives of this paper shall include in-depth market analysis of a product of choice in line with segmentation, the various segmentation variables, and how they influence the marketing and selling of the identified product. In addition, it will give a detailed analysis of the existing market segments carefully depicting the underutilized variables in improving the marketing and distribution of the chosen product. Predominantly, there are two classes of variables, which influence the use of segmentation in a target market. The first factor is needs, which essentially is what an individual cannot do without. Mostly, wants take the place of needs as is in many instances individuals confuse their urgency and importance. A want is something that one can simply delay its use as it is not pressing or not of urgency. Essentially, needs are the most basic things and are unavoidable. In market segmentation, the needs of the consumer are the referral point in the marketing strategy. Obtaining of these needs is through the conducting an intensive research in the identified market (McDonald and Dunbar 40). The other variable is profilers, which are the detailed description of consumers’ characteristics by determining their age, area of residence, citizenship, income level and their gender. Further, under area of residence, ascertaining if the segmented group lives in urban or rural setting is cri tical as the way of life for those living in the two tend to be different (Weinstein 54). Amazingly, examples of profilers and the characteristics of the needs revolve around the same factors mentioned above. Further, a field’s societal status can also be the base of the argument that distinguishes what a segmented group would want and what it would not. For instance, race and religion play a role in the segmentation period as marketing of a certain product to a certain race would be unsuccessful as their religion may not allow it (Yankelovich and Meer 5). Therefore, market research is an important tool that would ensure the successful penetration of a product into a targeted market. The lifestyle of those whom a marketing company intends to roll out the product to should also serve as their reference point. Many product releases fail to pick in a market mainly because the product does not get to the right individuals. Poor study of the group leads to such cases, thus inhibit ing exhaustion of the market area. Another factor is the behavior of the segmented group in terms of the product usage. In a market, there are high, middle and low level consumers of a specific product. In essence, profiling them according to their different usage levels helps the marketer to determine the amount of products to release into the market (Wedel and Kamakura 73). One among the extensively growing industries is the automobile one. With the motor industry as the basis, it is
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