African American Psychology Essay -- essays research papers

Breaking the Chains of Psychological Slavery Liberation from Mental SlaveryThe author of this article, Dr. Naim Akbar, begins by explaining homophile nature and tries to communicate what makes human beings a special species and concludes that self-consciousness is the one characteristic that sets us apart from all other forms of animal life on this planet. The fact that we have a feeling of who we be and as a group of people we do not feel that we have limitations. Moreover, because of this self-knowledge, we are able to make progress. However, the author makes it elapse that we do have at least one major limitation that can keep us from making progress and that rests in out ignorance. She states that we are ignorant in who we are and what we can do. We do not have to remain ignorant if we gain consciousness, our true human capacity is open to us. scantily as we have the potential to be an amazing species, we also have the potential to be an amazingly cruel and despicable specie s. The author notes that we are the solo life form who can engage in collective and individual self-murder with no acceptable motive. Dr. Akbar goes on to explain that human beings have always worked to lay down circumstances to maximize their consciousness. People knew that by working the other way and minimizing other human beings consciousness, this would be the basis for oppression. The article notes that human slavery is a gradual process in which the mind of a people is brought under control and ...

Essay --

The Catcher in the Rye was written by J.D. Salinger. The main character is Holden Caulfield. Holden is a troubled student, who is most of the time depressed. The book starts out with him somewhere like a medical center for depression and his health. Holden lives in New York. He starts out telling you about his brother D.B. who is a writer and lives in Hollywood. He then goes on to tell you how it all started. He has gotten kicked out by many schools, and his latest school, Pencey, is no different. The only subject he does nearly in is English. Everything else he does non care for. He is supposed to leave wednesday, just it is saturday. He has just gotten back from a fencing game which his squad had to forfeit, because Holden forget the foils. His neighbor in their dorms, Ackley, keeps bothering him. Ackley does not take care of his hygiene and hates almost everybody except Holden. But Holdens roommate, Stradlater, comes in, causing Ackley to leave. Stradlater has a date with Jane , a sensation of Holdens. Stradlater gets ready then leaves Holden. Holden, Ackley, and another boy go out to eat, but none of them want to go to the movies, because Ackley and the other boy have already seen it. Holden does not care, because he hates movies. They go back to their dorms. Ackley goes to bed, and Holden just stares out the window. Stradlater comes in soon, and Holden asks him about his date. Stradlater will not say much which freaks out Holden. Holden and Stradlater then get into a fight and Stradlater beats him up. Holden then decides to leave early. His grandma has given him a whole bunch of money, so he goes to a cheap hotel. He leaves the hotel to go to a club, because he cannot sleep. He drinks a bit then goes to another club where he meets ... ...oo crowded, he leaves. He decides to bum his away across the U.S., so he wants to say goodbye to Phoebe. Phoebe is at school so he leaves a note for her with a secretary. It comes time for Phoebe to meet him but she d oes not. It takes her another hour to come. She comes with a big suitcase, and it confuses him. She wants to come with him. He gets mad at her, and checks the suitcase into a nearby locker security place. He lets her foreshorten school even though she is mad at him. They go to the zoo, and after a while, she becomes no longer mad at him. He then takes her to the luggage carrousel where she rides it. He promises her he will not leave. He has been feeling sick. He goes home and gets sick, so his parents book him into the medical place. Then he says that is all he will tell you. He said to never start talking about people because you will start to miss them. Then it ends.

Janie from Their Eyes Were Watching God, Gatsby from The Great Gatsby,

Janie from Their Eyes Were ceremonial occasion God, Gatsby from The Great Gatsby, June from The Joy Luck Club, and Edna from The Awakening In most of the worlds greatest literature, there consent been introduced countless courageous characters and triumphant victories. These characters have the power to father strength from distress and grow brave by reflection. Such characters as Janie from Their Eyes Were Watching God, Gatsby from The Great Gatsby, June from The Joy Luck Club, and Edna from The Awakening. throughout each of these magnificent stories comes an example of bravery and courage. Although in some cases, the characters may not generally be perceive by the public to be courageous at all, they demonstrate extreme strength in overcoming adversity. In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, the character of Janie is a uncreated example of overcoming adversity. She is faced with racism early in life, and then forced to marry at a young age. In her lifelong search for true(p) love, Janie goes through three marriages, several moves, and an incredible journey of self-discovery. On Janies quest for unconditional, true, and fulfilling love, she gains her own interdependence and personal freedom, which makes her a true heroine in this novel. Because Janie strives for her own independence, others range to judge her simply because she is daring enough to achieve her own autonomy. Ah wants things sweet wed mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think. Ah (Eyes 23) Throughout the novel, she searches for the love that she has always desired, one that is represented to her early in life by the marriage between a bee and a blossom on the pear tree that stood in her grandmothers backyard. She was stretched o... ... because reality cannot keep up with ideals, but also because the ideals are in any case usually too fantastic to be realised. The heroic presentation of Gatsby, therefore, should not be taken at face value, for we cann ot overlook the fact that Gatsby is naive, impractical and over sentimental. It is this which makes him attempt the impossible, to repeat the past. There is something moving and absurd about the way he refuses to grow up, but also brave and courageous. The way Gatsby refuses to sacrifice his ideals is admirable, although many saw it as foolish. Jay Gatsby died because of these ideals, and can intimately be seen as a martyr for his own beliefs and idea of perfection, or the American Dream. Gatsbys good friend, neighbor, and the narrator of this novel thinks very highly of the complicated Gatsby. Your outlay the whole rotten bunch of them put together,

Symptoms of ADD/ADHD Essay -- Disease, Disorders

You know that person the one that rear endt stay on subject, the one who will be talking then all of a sudden the conversation goes off in a totally different direction, standardised a squirrel searching for nuts that keeps dropping the one it is carrying because something else caught its eye. Chaotic, frazzled, impulsive, unorganized, daydreamer, procrastinator, inattentive, goof off and lazy are just a few descriptions of an adult that has charge deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/hyperkinetic syndrome). At one time ADD/ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was thought of as just childhood complications that did not act adults, but since there is no cure for ADD/ADHD, adults are affected also. Most adults that have ADD/ADHD were not diagnosed with it as children, because ADD/ADHD wasnt recognized except by a very few people that were aware of it at the time (Smith and Segal, 2012). Instead as children they were labeled as lazy, trouble makers, day dreamers and other labels and they grew into adults with those same labels and tendencies. They may have learned to adjust during the teen years but as they became adults and responsibilities and demands on their time grew, the challenges of transaction with ADD/ADHD also grew. ADD/ADHD affects 4-5 percent of all adults, more than 11 million in the United States (Barkley). When not diagnosed and treated it can impact all areas of life including work, home and social relationships. With treatment adults, and children, with ADD/ADHD can learn to compensate and overcome the symptoms and challenges they face with ADD/ADHD on a daily basis to lead productive lives. Symptoms of ADD/ADDHD arent the same in adults as in children and do not exhibit themselves the same in each individual. Some common adult symptoms of A... ...d Treatment. Retrieved from www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd_add_adult symptoms.htm ( frame 20,2012)Mayo Clinic Staff, (January 8, 2010). Adult ADHD (attention-d eficit/hyperactivity disorder)- Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of adult ADHD. Retrieved from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/adult-adhd/ds01161 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In Adults Adult ADHD- a Misunderstood Potential/Symptoms/Treatment/Self Help Adult ADHD copyright 2012 Retrieved from http//www.adultadhd.net (March 20, 2012)Reviewed by Amal Chakraburtty, MD March 1, 2010 for Webmd ADHD in Adults Symptoms, Statsitics, Causes, Types, Treatments, and More Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD in Adults Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/add-adhd/guide/adhd-adults (March 20, 2012)

Global Warming: Implications on Public Health Essay -- Climate Change,

Theories of global calefacient surfaced in the nineties as the decade proved to be the warmest on record. Since then, nations have come together to attempt to turn back the effects, if that is at all possible. Some refused and some have made great strides in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions hoping that this ordain lead a reversal in the direction of the temperature pattern. Many nations have a great situation in the future of the Worlds climate, as it is the dictator of our very existence. The nations with the most stake in threats of sea level rising and destructive weather tend to be those whose economies be already weak or teetering. Haughty nations with vast resources much(prenominal) as the United States have a little more time to relax. However, new projections of disease vectors, driven by warm weather, finding their way into temperate climates of the economic giants. Diseases such as dengue, malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, and cholera which usual ly spare the Americas could be moving North. Cases of such diseases are popping up as far-off north as overbold York and Canada striking fear and genuine concern. Models have lead to projections of potential outbreaks of such diseases in industrialized nations. Many say that a warm climate could be what makes the difference. Others still fear not a plague resulting from global climate change and rest assured that industrialized nations are protected by modern conveniences such as advanced medicine, sanitation, and proper housing. Both sides have valid points and credible scientists supporting them. This paper will detail both sides of the argument citing evidence of those who see disaster on the way and those who downgrade the threat to just hype.IntroductionGlobal ... ...mperate regions global warming foster spread of disease into other regions. World Disease Weekly Plus 23 Mar 1998 11-12. Kocin, Paul J., Graf, Daniel H. and Gartner, William E. Snow. (snowfall records in the US ) (Cover Story). Weatherwise 12 Feb 1995 24-29.Meyer, Tara. Disease, climate experts regard effects of global warming on health. AP Online 10 Mar 1998 PG.Morris, Kelly. Global-warming predictions may not always be what they seem. Lancet 350 (9094) (1998) 1825.Reiter, Paul. Dont Blame the Heat. The New Scientist 6 Feb 1999. PG.Simon, Tamar. Canadian malaria cases on the rise. Discovery Channel Canada 25 May 1998 PG.Taubes, Gary. GLOBAL WARMING Apocalypse Not. Science 7 Nov 1997 PG.Wilton, Peter. Malaria may be on move to tropical Canada. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 158 (2) (1998) 160.

Global Warming: Implications on Public Health Essay -- Climate Change,

Theories of global warming surfaced in the nineties as the decade proved to be the warmest on record. Since then, nations mother come together to attempt to reverse the effects, if that is at all possible. Some refused and some have made great strides in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions hoping that this volition lead a reversal in the direction of the temperature pattern. Many nations have a great stake in the future of the Worlds climate, as it is the dictator of our very existence. The nations with the most stake in threats of sea level rising and destructive weather tend to be those whose economies be already imperfect or teetering. Haughty nations with vast resources such as the United States have a little more time to relax. However, new projections of disease vectors, driven by warm weather, finding their way into temperate climates of the economic giants. Diseases such as dengue, malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, and cholera which usually spare the Ame ricas could be moving North. Cases of such diseases are popping up as far north as New York and Canada striking fear and genuine concern. Models have lead to projections of potential outbreaks of such diseases in industrialized nations. Many say that a warm climate could be what makes the difference. Others still fear not a plague resulting from global climate heighten and rest assured that industrialized nations are protected by modern conveniences such as advanced medicine, sanitation, and proper housing. Both sides have well-grounded points and credible scientists supporting them. This paper will detail both sides of the argument citing evidence of those who see disaster on the way and those who downgrade the threat to only hype.IntroductionGlobal ... ...mperate regions global warming foster spread of disease into other regions. World Disease Weekly Plus 23 Mar 1998 11-12. Kocin, capital of Minnesota J., Graf, Daniel H. and Gartner, William E. Snow. (snowfall records in the US) (Cover Story). Weatherwise 12 Feb 1995 24-29.Meyer, Tara. Disease, climate experts debate effects of global warming on health. AP Online 10 Mar 1998 PG.Morris, Kelly. Global-warming predictions may not always be what they seem. lancet arch 350 (9094) (1998) 1825.Reiter, Paul. Dont Blame the Heat. The New Scientist 6 Feb 1999. PG.Simon, Tamar. Canadian malaria cases on the rise. Discovery Channel Canada 25 May 1998 PG.Taubes, Gary. GLOBAL WARMING Apocalypse Not. apprehension 7 Nov 1997 PG.Wilton, Peter. Malaria may be on move to tropical Canada. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 158 (2) (1998) 160.

Class Project Presentation Essay

In narrow perspective, PA is a documentation, filling sort, checking boxes, once-a-year drill, annual fiasco, meeting held between lower-rankinger and higher worker, and they testament meet again next year (Grote, 2002 DelPo, 2007 Tourish, 2004). It s a common misconception that deed estimate entails simply filling proscribed an evaluation form reply prefabricated questions and checking boxes. If this were the incident, you wouldn t need an entire book to help you do it right, and your evaluation wouldn t be worth the paper you wrote it on.When done correctly, action appraisal is a process, non a document it is a way of structuring your relationship with your employees. A ingenuous appraisal governing body includes observation, documentation, and communication. It envisions a workplace in which supervisors bang what is occurrent in their departments (who is doing what and how well) and document employee mathematical operation as it occurs. Supervisors and their employe es should convey open lines of communication. Employees should know how they are doing so they can make adjustments when they veer off track.Supervisors should know what obstacles rag in the way of their employees performance so they can remove those obstacles as they arise (DelPo, 2007). PURPOSE Study shows that PA is commonly used by companies now, from any level or industrial background (Nakervis and Leece, 1997 bachelor, 2003). Of course the phenomenon is not without cause, consider that sometimes PA is a hectic and hated handicraft, time and cost consuming. Grote (2002) case in No. 14 is cited from DelPo (2007)- list the purpose of PA as follow 1. Providing feedback to employees intimately their performance 2. Determining who gets promoted 3.Facilitating layoff or downsizing decisions 4. Encouraging performance improvement 5. Motivating superior performance 6. Setting and measuring goals 7. Counseling poor performers 8. Determining compensation changes Encouraging coachi ng and mentoring Supporting manpower homework or advantageion planning Determining individual training and development needs Determining memorial tabletal training and development needs Confirming that good hiring decisions are being made Providing legal defensibility for personnel decisions Case A hospital fires an African-American doctor.She does not pass on an employment contract, so the hospital does not need just cause to ire her. Nonetheless, the doctor files a wrongful termination lawsuit, claiming that she was blast because of her race. When she files her lawsuit, she has no real evidence of racial discrimination her case is demonstrated on her belief that she was always treated to a greater extent harshly than her coworkers, most of whom were white men. The hospital responds by asserting that she was fired because of her poor symptomatic skills and her inability to get along with her coworkers. Her attorney requests her performance evaluations.Well managed PA system can pr all the samet this kind of situation. Further reading about the distinguish of legal practice and PA, read The mental process appraisal Handbook Legal & Practical Rules for Managers by Amy DelPo. 15. Improving over altogether organizational performance exploit estimation is an integrated part of company s Performance Management Strategy (PMS). Performance Management is a set of regular, ongoing human resource activities carried out by managers and supervisors relative to their subordinates to enhance and maintain employee performance toward the achievement of desired performance objectives (Vance and Paik, 2006).Why company need to create such job, what are the job requirement, job description, the most important thing to do in this job, issue surround the job, etc. 2. The Jobholder Who is suitable for the job? What are the requirements? 3. The Person Now, you use up to know the person deeper. How is his performance compare to the previous year. Remember, know the perso n based on the job, not based on individual prejudices 4. The Self-Appraisal or Accomplishment distinguish If you asked the individual to prepare a list of accomplishments or complete a self-appraisal (and return it to you in advance), this will be a worthwhile source of performance data.This information then can be gathered by assigned appraiser (supervisor, specialist, peers, appraisee, or all). There are two types of information 1. Qualitative training of behavioral remarks, comments, symptom, process, expectation, etc. 2. Quantitative Numerical information. Information about sales number, r planeue, productivity (number of product per hour or per day), and area covered, etc. Quantitative is easier to be measured and less subjective. There are two types of quantitative information pure numerical information, and scaled information.Scaled information is subjective and non-numerical information, only if born-again into number by scaling method. For example, 5 for Excellent, un til 1 for very poor. Or 1 for Approved, 0 for Rejected (see additional exhibit, example of performance appraisal form of University of California). The appraiser can use combination of questionnaires, observation and interview to gather the information (an example of the standard PA form can be seen in the exhibit 1). The job can be very useful, yet sensitive because 1. Common agreement among HR specialist that subjectivity cannot be avoided. . Legal retainer (sexual harassment, racism or libel issue) 3. No standard question or appraisal method available. Most of the organizations have to adjust the method for their organizational style. Performance Appraisal by only one appraiser sometimes might trigger subjectivity and bias. To prevent this, the method known as 360-degree Performance Appraisal is implemented. This form deviates from the vertical, hierarchical arrangement in that every member of an organization is placed at the pennyre point of a circle embracing all related employ ees, superiors and colleagues.Manager hates to measure their employee for some reason, while in the same time, employee hate to be scrutinized. Time consuming, high cost, and focused on past forget rather than future development, are among the arguments, excessively additional findings show that performance appraisal can actually lead to poorer rather than get around performance, tend to create prompt argument between appraiser and employee (Rothwell and Kazanas, 2003, cited from Martin and Bartol, 1998 Kikoski, 1999). Gloomy predictions about the end of performance appraisal even have been prophesied by some writer.As Bach (2003) noted, some have predict that appraisal would fall apart at the seams (cited from Margerison, 1976), due to employee ambivalence and union opposition, and added that the days of standardized appraisals were number (Bach, 2003, cited from Fletcher, 1993). (Cited from my journal hold). Tourish (2004) revealed even more shaking information. As he cited fr om various explore, that Appraisal should be avoided if it linked to numeration and payment, because sometimes may lead to moral hazard and even bankruptcy.As he wrote it An illuminating example of what happens when this research is ignored may be in order. Enron was an organisation that combined both a telling system and the linking of performance to pay. Its bankruptcy in 2001 stands (at the time of writing) as the biggest in US corporate history. As with many other aspects of its internal culture, its approach to appraisal is a valuable case study in what not to do. An internal performance review committee rated employees twice a year (Gladwell, 2002).They were graded on a scale of 1 to 5, on ten separate criteria, and then divided into one of three groups A s, who were to be challenged and passn large rewards B s, who were to be encouraged and affirmed, and C s, who were told to shape up or ship out. Those in the A category were referred to internally as water walkers. The pr ocess was known as rank and yank. The company s propensity to disproportionately reward those who were high achievers and risk-takers was widely acclaimed by business gurus (e. g. Hamel, 2000). Faculty from the prestigious Harvard Business School produced 11 case studies, uniformly praising its successes.However, problems multiplied. People chased high rankings because the potential rewards were enormous, while low rankings imperilled both their salaries and eventually their jobs. The appearance of success mattered more than its substance. In addition, internal promotions due to the appraisal system reached 20% a year. This made further evaluation more difficult, and inevitably more subjective how could you honestly rank someone s performance when they did not hold a position long enough to render earpiece judgement possible?Paradoxically, Enron had a vindicatory internal regime ( rank and yank ) but loose control (those adjudged to be top performers moved on too fast to be pinned down). In this case, ratings and performance pay formed a lethal mix. Internal staff churn, and a relentless emphasis on achieving high performance ratings in the interests of obtaining ever-greater individualised rewards, contributed to the lax ethical atmosphere that precipitated the company s downfall. Versions of rank and yank have been used by many organisations, including General Electric and IBM.IBM, in the archean 1990s, actually required that one out of every ten employees be allocated a poor rating, and given three months to improve or be fired (Gabor, 1992). The research evidence overwhelmingly suggests that such practices produce only defiance, defensiveness and rage (Kohn, 1999). However, despite all the criticisms, number of companies utilize this system is still outgrowth. I phone this is understandable because some findings correlate the implementation of effective and well created performance management system and performance appraisal, with employee s or organ izational success.Waal (2008) in his research titled The effects of performance management on the operational sales results of a bank , showed that the PM related key events had a significant and tenacious electropositive impact on the quantitative result of the division (Waal, 2008). Table 1 Disadvantage of PA, as identified from literature Source Kourkit and Waal (2008) Other study conducted by Kourkit and Waal (2008), strengthen the previous findings. In this research, writers try to find out the correlation between advantageous and disadvantageous of Performance management, with companies success.The research showed that in oecumenic the advantages were experienced to a much greater degree than the disadvantages, and that specific reasons for use achieved specific advantages. With the research results, management can convince organizational members that SPM (strategic performance management), thus beneficial for the organization (Kourkit and Waal, 2008. Italic added). Kourk it and Waal try to find the answer for dissatisfaction of PA process and they found out that there is no correlation between advantages created by Performance Management with dissatisfaction.In other word, companies where PA system works well will create the advantages it has promised. Future studies are mandatory to identify about what is going on with PA system in bankrupt companies (like Enron). Is it poor performance management might result their bankruptcy? Figure 2 congeneric Model developed by Kourkit and Wall (2008). Source Kourkit and Wall (2008) TQM (Total Quality Management) by some also seen as the opposite of PA. Adoption of TQM, which emphasize more in team effort (Wikipedia, accessed 2010), didn t seems to lessen the spreading and growing importance of PA.Some have tried to reconcile the difference by creating a PA system that actually works so well in TQM (Marr and Kussy, 1993). This criticism is closely related with argument of team (emphasized by TQM) Vs. indivi dual appraisal (PA). However, Kessler (2003) find out that, There is some evidence to suggest that use of team pay to support job design may have positive outcomes in terms of individual and organizational performance (Wageman 1995 Burgess et al. 2003). However, the take-up of team pay remains low with well under 20 per cent of organizations using it (CIPD 2003).Salary progressions based on team performance is even less in evidence these findings are confirmed by other surveys (Thompson and Milsome 2001 13). This low takeup suggests that despite some evidence of effectiveness, administrative difficulties remain in introducing team pay. It is not always easy to find a standard of team performance that can be linked to pay because teams often break up quickly and do not therefore represent a stable base for a pay. Moreover, it remains questionable whether team working in the strictest sense is as widespread as assumed (see Cully et al. 999 43). Team-based pay may well be rare simply b ecause genuine forms of team working are scarce. AVOIDING THE PERIL Performance Appraisal process, as we have seen, proven to be a precarious game. However, it is necessary for company s success. Failure of PA process can sometimes attributed to human shortcomings. Tourish (2004) list 8 of that phenomenon that must be carefully avoided 1. Appraisers much fall victim to the halo effect. There is a tendency to assume that a positive attribute or a job related success in one area automatically implies success in others. 2.Personal liking bias means that when supervisors like a subordinate, for whatever reason, they generally give them higher performance ratings, their judgment of the subordinate s work performance becomes less accurate and they show a disinclination to punish or uphold with poor performance. 3. The horn effect arises when a problem in one area is assumed to be representative of defects elsewhere 4. The consistency error suggests that we have an exaggerated need to f eel consistent in our opinions and judgments, and to assume that people and circumstances are more stable than they actually are (Millar et al. 1992). 5. The fundamental ascription error, discussed above, means that an appraiser tends to attribute poor performance to the personality of the interviewee, rather than to the situation. 6. The similarity bias means that we are attracted to people who look like us, sound like us and form a convenient echo chamber for our own ideas. 7. The what is evaluated problem arises when the behaviors being evaluated differ from those required to obtain organizational goals. 8. apiece of these problems is exacerbated by ingratiation effects.People with lower status habitually seeking to influence those of greater status by exaggerating how much they agree with their opinions, policies and practices, and so ingratiate themselves with the powerful, and sometimes might create bias to these so called powerful. DelPo (2007) also found that unwise selecti on of words can lead to poor PA system. non only create false hope and false impression, it also might lead to legal problem. Brief, based on the fact, rather than personal conclusion is better than a long, trying to be funny or conclusive word.The latter, might bring not only false facts, but also future problem. geological formation is comprised of human, which is all unique, so also the organization. Standardized PA schemes from industry to industry, from size to another size will be better if was avoided. The common mistake that also always lead to rejection to PA is, the believe that PA is just an annual ordered ritual. Useless but a must. In fact, PA is a neer stop process. The shift in paradigm regarding PA is needed now days.Formal, written and companies scale PA can be held annually, monthly, quarterly or half-a-year, but everyday informal PA through Management By Walking Around, Management By Objectives, through constant communications and immediate daily al-Qaida feed back, might lessen the hectic work of annual PA and might reduce the frighten about PA. If I can extent the scope of Performance Management Process, PMS actually started since the recruitment. If the recruitment ran well, it will reduce the burden of PA, since all employees are ready, or willing to improve.Future study also needed in this part to know whether good recruitment system is correlated with successful PA scheme, and vice versa. Communication is also the most important. Employee must have the willingness to hear the feedback, while management also must be willing to receipt critics regarding the PA schemes and procedure. At very last, but one of the most important, familiarity s value, philosophy, vision and mission is also are fundamental in PA system. CONCLUSION y PA is an integral part of human life. We have experienced it since the moment we can remember and understand word. We live by it, cope with it, and shaped by it.Strengthened and weakened by it. In school we r eceived report card, in university we get grades, those all are part of life s Performance Appraisal. Even as Christian, I believe that PA will continue in the afterlife. Appraisal is needed, it is necessary for company s or employee s development. Some study reported that PA is correlated with performance, and the growing number of user of this method, strengthen its position of importance. y PA is needed to measure performance, personally. PA is irrelevant under assumption that all member of organization has done and will do a fine job with, or without evaluation.

A Prisoner’s Re-Entry into Society

Prisoner re-entry is a full of lifely crucial prune today which has yet to reach its full impact on the minds and lives of voters. However, with every(prenominal) passing year the importance of this topic becomes more than evident. Since the eighties, every passing year has brought more pressure for harsher and longer im prison house housement and more flowing mandatory sentencing rules. This has non only resulted in an exploding prison population, but alike in a drastic adjoin in the number of captives re- pocketd into communities.Addition every(prenominal)y, the push towards more punitive measures has decreased educational opportunities in prisons and the availability of rehabilitation programs. This kernel that reversed prisoners atomic number 18 increasingly unable to reintegrate into their communities, increasingly prone to recidivism, and increasingly unwarranted in each release and re-capture cycle. nevertheless the conservative Bush ecesis has recognized the t hreat irritated by un grind awayd prisoner re-entry and responded with a serial of grants to private and public organizations involved in rehabilitation and easing prisoner transitions.However, merely making government money available to private, religious, or state- found programs is not enough. These monetary resource atomic number 18 only likely to reach a minority of prisoners who are already world aided by the aided programs. Prisoners whose communities and arrangements do not already take measures to help their rehabilitation allow not be see any increase in re-entry programs or eagerness.A nationwide set of standards is needed to assure that every prisoner legal for re-release into the community volition be inoculated against recidivism and sicd to become a useful part of the society in which they allow for reside. It is time for the participatory Party to back away from the conservative ride of horror prevention through fear and towards affable responsible model of crime prevention through the creation of wellnessy communities. This stern be do in large part by reforming the prison system from a gulag of neighborly control and intimidation into a truly educational dwell in which prisoners are put on a moderated track towards mixer responsibility, respect for the rights of separatewises, and preparation to take a beneficial role in society.Joan Petersilia wrote an insightful check on this subject documenting a series of studies in crime and public policy, When Prisoners serve Home Parole and Prisoner Reentry. After presenting many pages of carefully record research, Petersilia interpretd four suggestions for future reform which could drastically reduce recidivism and remove move prisoners from presenting a public threat to being a boon to society. These suggestions were as follows1. fudge the in-prison experience. Provide more education, work, and rehabilitation opportunities. Change the prison environment to promote fe eling skills kind of than violence and domination.2. Change prison release and revocation practices. represent a system of discretionary countersignature release that incorporates rallying cry release guidelines. These news guidelines should be based primarily on recidivism prediction.3. Revise deport-prison services and supervision. incorporate better parole supervision classification systems, and target services and care to those with mellow need and risk profiles.4. Foster collaborations with the community and enhance mechanisms of informal social control. Develop partnerships with service providers, ex-convicts, law enforcement, family members, victim advocates, and neighborhoods to support the offender. (Petersilia)These suggestions represent the best Democratic policy towards reform of the prisoner re-entry system. Petersilias book on the subject provides musical accompaniment about the efficacy of these recommendations and their necessity in the current environment. The remainder of this paper will counsel on the precise laws, policies, and programs which may be recommended to promote the implementations of these suggestions.Petersilias get-go recommendation is to alter the in-prison experience. This may not be the immediately evident solution to prisoner re-entry, but evidence suggests it may in fact be the most important response. As Petersilia points out in a separate article on the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry and Parole in California, the reason that returning convicts pose such a threat is not merely that they are d resentmentous criminals returning to the communities that they originally victimized, but that their time in prison has in all likelihood increased the dangers they pose to civiliansIt is common k at presentledge that non- flushed and inexperienced criminals entering the prison system are likely to emerge being some(prenominal) violent and experienced due to the brutal conditions that exist in most prisons. Male (and fe male) offend is extremely common in the prison system, with estimates placed between 13-70% of inmates torture unwanted versed conduct. (HRW) Such brutal experiences triad many inmates to experience post traumatic stress disorder, which has been positively linked to increased violent tendencies.The tip of dehumanization and stress common in prison can cause other problems as well. Mental illnesses, particularly chronic anxiety and depression, may be caused by incarceration. Psychologists believe that incarceration often breeds global rage, an impulsive and explosive anger so great that a minor incident can evocation an uncontrolled response. (Petersilia, Challenges) The Human Rights Watchs report on prison ransack in the States recommends several measures for preventing prison bodge and heinousness, and it is vital that policy focus on this aspect of the prison experience. In 2003 a bill was passed establishing a National missionary post dedicated to involveing prison rap e, and several other measures to provide training and training regarding prison rape.However, these measures did not go utmost enough to assure that prison rape was both prosecuted and that victims received help and counseling. Neither mandatory criminal prosecution nor counseling was included in the bills measures. Though some(prenominal) constituents might hesitate to focus on preventing brutality to prisoners (indeed, if one pays close attention to the sorts of attitudes and jokes prevalent on crime shows such as Law and Order and NYPD Blue, many consumers may telephone that prison rape is a justifiable punishment for child abusers and pedophiles), it is important to remember that prison rape victims are likely to emerge with HIV and every bit likely to become sexual abusers after their experiences even if they were not abusers forward. and so it is a public wellness and safety concern to prevent prison rape and other brutality between prisoners. The following policies shou ld be instituted nationwide1. grade of prison population between violent and non-violent criminals, and between those who are eligible for parole and those who are not. (Parole-eligible prisoners withdraw more incentive for good behavior)2. Establishment of extra salute systems for prison population, mandatory investigation and prosecution of all incidents of hospitalization resulting from sexual assault, availability of independent prisoner-rights advocates, and segregation of all inmates convicted of prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assault to carefully regulated wards, and automatic termination for any employee convicted of sexual impropriety or bombing of an inmate.3. Mandatory counseling and AIDS testing for all prison brutality victims and the establishment of victim-positive protective custody arrangements. (Many victimized inmates are only offered solitary sweat as a protective arrangement, which generally means loss of other privileges and any human interaction, potentiall y worsening the trauma and decreasing reports) Condoms and retro-virus treatment should be made available to all AIDS/HIV positive inmates, so that future consensual prison relationships will be less likely to increase AIDS transmission.Additionally, the very arrangement of prisons tends to discourage personal responsibility and the phylogenesis of positive social interactions. Petersilia describes how prison systems punish individual initiative and free-thought, and fail to prepare inmates for independence and responsibility within an open society. When personal choice is eliminated, so is personal accountability because the system makes all decisions for prisoners. (Petersilia, 184) A nationwide study should be undertaken regarding ways that personal choice and accountability can be safely completed in prisons and a set of guidelines for discipline and private prisons should be genuine based on the results of that study.Petersilia recommends some programs which have had succes s in the away which allow simple personal choice from requiring prisoners to decide for themselves when/how to clean their own cells, communicate their laundry to the cleaners, and so forth. Involving prisoners in some of the more mundane aspects of their parturiency is likely to increase the sense of personal control and encourage responsibility. These changes should not be geared so much as ameliorating the punishment of prisoners as of assuring that the incarceration does not reduce their ability to function as a free person.One more important issue regarding prison experience is the availability of vocational and academic training. It is well known by those who study these issues that prisoners who are able to be employed after re-entry to society are importantly less likely to commit further crimes. Petersilias second suggestion was to change prison release and revocation practices.The best recommendation for policy on this issue would be to adjust mandatory sentences so tha t they included the completion of certain educational and behavioral requirements. These adapted sentences would require the inmate to both complete a certain length of time and a set of release requirements to be established by a panel of experts on a case-by-case basis. These release requirements must be completed before the inmate was eligible either for parole or release based on time served. Requirements should include, as unyielding per individual case, mandatory counseling, addiction treatment, educational attainment, vocational studies, and good behavior.Petersilia points out that, based on prison records, recidivism predictions can be made that are 80% correct. Recidivism predictors should be made clear to inmates and they should be encouraged to work towards being eligible for release and parole. A nationwide set of guidelines regarding lower limit achievements requirements in amplification to the current nationwide set of minimum time-served requirements would return th e focus to rehabilitation rather than mere punishment. In fact, the minimum time-served should be directly related to the minimum time necessary to complete the release requirements.Part of assuring that the prison system creates parolees who do not endanger the community is assuring that it creates educated parolees. It would do well in the future for ex-criminals to speak of graduating from prison, as it were, and going on to lead productive lives. In 1997 the Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture reported that inmates with at least two days of college have a 10% re-arrest rate, compared to a national re-arrest rate of approximately 60%. This is somewhat ironic, because just troika years earlier in 1994 Congress passed a bill which virtually destroyed the prison undergraduate school system.This bill eliminated Pell grants paying for the education of incarcerated individuals. Nationally, the only high education program thats still publicly funded is for youthful offenders. ( Banks) So it is that since 1994 recidivism has increased by almost half, going from around 60% to nearly 90%. straight off a mixture of volunteers, religious organizations, and state-funded programs have moved in to provide some college education for inmates. However only slightly more than 10% of prisoners will re-enter society with a college degree. A new bill should be sponsored which would armed combat to prevent crime by educating prisoners and thus slashing their chances of offending again.Even if Pell Grants were not extended to prisoners, perhaps a new system of educational grants should be developed that would pay for accredited college education for prisoners as part of their pre-release requirements. Our establishment fathers all focused on the necessity of a free people being an educated people, and claimed that democracy was dependent on the education of the people. If we are to prepare prisoners to reenter a democratic nation and partake in it as citizens rather tha n as public enemies, then a giving arts education which both prepares them for work and prepares them to understand the rights and responsibilities of all citizens is absolutely necessary.Petersilias third point is that we need immense post-release services. A new set of federal guidelines should require all released prisoners to be prepared with housing and income options. Halfway housing should be arranged for those who do not have families prepared to commit to providing housing. Job-placement services should be arranged before release and continued employment should be a condition of parole with job-placement provided at any point during the parole period at which the ex-inmate becomes unemployed.Continued medical checkup treatment and counseling for prison-related problems (including AIDS and mental illness) should be provided, as well as mandatory counseling and guidance sessions. More federal and state financial backing needs to be available to increase the number of paro le officers and services. Nationwide in that respect is a shortage in parole officers. In California, for example, the ratio is now 82 parolees to 1 parole officer even parolees who are motivated to change have little opportunity to do so. (Petersilia, Challenges )According to Petersilias research, most inmates have a strong desire to succeed when they are first released. (Petersilia, Challenges) Therefore it is vital that re-entry services are provided. Additionally, as most inmates are re-arrested within three years, it seems vital that such services are available for a period of at least five years as the inmates adjust to the responsibility and immunity of life outside.Homelessness, lack of income and opportunities, and a return to addiction are among the main reasons for a return to crime proper post-release supervision, counseling, and provision of housing and work opportunities can prevent this. Though such supervision would be expensive, it will be far less expensive to p rovide ex-inmates with housing, employment, and services within the community than to provide them with housing, constant supervision, and services inside our prisons after they re-offend.In conclusion, it appears that a national Recidivism cake Bill is absolutely necessary. This bill should include1) a commitment to stymy prison rape by means of the creation of a special court system for in-prison crimes such as rape, the mandatory investigation of prison rape cases, and special custody arrangements designed to combat rape2) the establishment of a study resulting in national guidelines for prison reform aimed at fostering social responsibility and accountability3) the establishment and funding of an accredited national university of correctional facilities which provides liberal arts, vocational, and technical degrees to inmates4) Creation of national guidelines for sentencing to include individual minimum release requirements including (but not limited to) successful completion of addiction or other counseling, benignant service, educational and vocational training, evidence of good behavior, and treatment for mental health problems5) national guidelines and funding for parole services including housing, job-placement and training, medical services , and mental health/addiction/family adjustment counseling, and a low parolee-to-officer ration allowing for adequate surveillance and regular check-ups.A Prisoners Re-Entry into SocietyPrisoner re-entry is a vitally important issue today which has yet to reach its full impact on the minds and lives of voters. However, with every passing year the importance of this topic becomes more evident. Since the eighties, every passing year has brought more pressure for harsher and longer imprisonment and more streamlined mandatory sentencing rules. This has not only resulted in an exploding prison population, but also in a drastic increase in the number of prisoners re-released into communities.Additionally, the push to wards more punitive measures has decreased educational opportunities in prisons and the availability of rehabilitation programs. This means that released prisoners are increasingly unable to reintegrate into their communities, increasingly prone to recidivism, and increasingly violent in each release and re-capture cycle. Even the conservative Bush administration has recognized the threat posed by unprepared prisoner re-entry and responded with a series of grants to private and public organizations involved in rehabilitation and easing prisoner transitions.However, merely making government money available to private, religious, or state-based programs is not enough. These funds are only likely to reach a minority of prisoners who are already being aided by the aided programs. Prisoners whose communities and systems do not already take measures to help their rehabilitation will not be seeing any increase in re-entry programs or preparation. A nationwide set of standards is needed to assure that every prisoner eligible for re-release into the community will be inoculated against recidivism and prepared to become a useful part of the society in which they will reside.It is time for the Democratic Party to back away from the conservative model of crime prevention through fear and towards social responsible model of crime prevention through the creation of healthy communities. This can be done in large part by reforming the prison system from a gulag of social control and intimidation into a truly educational experience in which prisoners are put on a moderated track towards social responsibility, respect for the rights of others, and preparation to take a beneficial role in society.Joan Petersilia wrote an insightful book on this subject documenting a series of studies in crime and public policy, When Prisoners Come Home Parole and Prisoner Reentry. After presenting many pages of carefully documented research, Petersilia provided four suggestions for future reform which could drastically reduce recidivism and change returning prisoners from presenting a public threat to being a boon to society. These suggestions were as follows1. Alter the in-prison experience. Provide more education, work, and rehabilitation opportunities. Change the prison environment to promote life skills rather than violence and domination.2. Change prison release and revocation practices. Institute a system of discretionary parole release that incorporates parole release guidelines. These parole guidelines should be based primarily on recidivism prediction.3. Revise post-prison services and supervision. Incorporate better parole supervision classification systems, and target services and surveillance to those with high need and risk profiles.4. Foster collaborations with the community and enhance mechanisms of informal social control. Develop partnerships with service providers, ex-convicts, law enforcement, family members, victim advocates, and neighborhoods to suppor t the offender. (Petersilia)These suggestions represent the best Democratic policy towards reform of the prisoner re-entry system. Petersilias book on the subject provides documentation about the efficacy of these recommendations and their necessity in the current environment. The remainder of this paper will focus on the precise laws, policies, and programs which may be recommended to promote the implementations of these suggestions.Petersilias first recommendation is to alter the in-prison experience. This may not be the immediately evident response to prisoner re-entry, but evidence suggests it may in fact be the most important response. As Petersilia points out in a separate article on the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry and Parole in California, the reason that returning convicts pose such a threat is not merely that they are dangerous criminals returning to the communities that they originally victimized, but that their time in prison has in all likelihood increased the dangers they pose to civiliansIt is common knowledge that non-violent and inexperienced criminals entering the prison system are likely to emerge being both violent and experienced due to the brutal conditions that exist in most prisons. Male (and female) rape is extremely common in the prison system, with estimates placed between 13-70% of inmates suffering unwanted sexual conduct. (HRW) Such brutal experiences lead many inmates to experience post traumatic stress disorder, which has been positively linked to increased violent tendencies.The degree of dehumanization and stress common in prison can cause other problems as well. Mental illnesses, particularly chronic anxiety and depression, may be caused by incarceration. Psychologists believe that incarceration often breeds global rage, an impulsive and explosive anger so great that a minor incident can trigger an uncontrolled response. (Petersilia, Challenges) The Human Rights Watchs report on prison rape in America recommends several mea sures for preventing prison rape and brutality, and it is vital that policy focus on this aspect of the prison experience.In 2003 a bill was passed establishing a National Commission dedicated to studying prison rape, and several other measures to provide information and training regarding prison rape. However, these measures did not go far enough to assure that prison rape was both prosecuted and that victims received help and counseling. Neither mandatory prosecution nor counseling was included in the bills measures.Though some constituents might hesitate to focus on preventing brutality to prisoners (indeed, if one pays close attention to the sorts of attitudes and jokes prevalent on crime shows such as Law and Order and NYPD Blue, many consumers may think that prison rape is a justifiable punishment for child abusers and pedophiles), it is important to remember that prison rape victims are likely to emerge with HIV and equally likely to become sexual abusers after their experien ces even if they were not abusers before. Thus it is a public health and safety concern to prevent prison rape and other brutality between prisoners. The following policies should be instituted nationwide1. Division of prison population between violent and non-violent criminals, and between those who are eligible for parole and those who are not. (Parole-eligible prisoners have more incentive for good behavior)2. Establishment of special court systems for prison population, mandatory investigation and prosecution of all incidents of hospitalization resulting from sexual assault, availability of independent prisoner-rights advocates, and segregation of all inmates convicted of prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assault to carefully regulated wards, and automatic termination for any employee convicted of sexual impropriety or battery of an inmate.3. Mandatory counseling and AIDS testing for all prison brutality victims and the establishment of victim-positive protective custody arrangements. (Many victimized inmates are only offered solitary confinement as a protective arrangement, which generally means loss of other privileges and any human interaction, potentially worsening the trauma and decreasing reports) Condoms and retro-virus treatment should be made available to all AIDS/HIV positive inmates, so that future consensual prison relationships will be less likely to increase AIDS transmission.Additionally, the very arrangement of prisons tends to discourage personal responsibility and the development of positive social interactions. Petersilia describes how prison systems punish individual initiative and free-thought, and fail to prepare inmates for independence and responsibility within an open society. When personal choice is eliminated, so is personal accountability because the system makes all decisions for prisoners. (Petersilia, 184) A nationwide study should be undertaken regarding ways that personal choice and accountability can be safely established in pri sons and a set of guidelines for national and private prisons should be developed based on the results of that study.Petersilia recommends some programs which have had success in the past which allow simple personal choice from requiring prisoners to decide for themselves when/how to clean their own cells, send their laundry to the cleaners, and so forth. Involving prisoners in some of the more mundane aspects of their confinement is likely to increase the sense of personal control and encourage responsibility. These changes should not be geared so much as ameliorating the punishment of prisoners as of assuring that the incarceration does not reduce their ability to function as a free person.One more important issue regarding prison experience is the availability of vocational and academic training. It is well known by those who study these issues that prisoners who are able to be employed after re-entry to society are significantly less likely to commit further crimes. Petersilias second suggestion was to change prison release and revocation practices.The best recommendation for policy on this issue would be to adjust mandatory sentences so that they included the completion of certain educational and behavioral requirements. These adapted sentences would require the inmate to both complete a certain length of time and a set of release requirements to be established by a panel of experts on a case-by-case basis. These release requirements must be completed before the inmate was eligible either for parole or release based on time served. Requirements should include, as determined per individual case, mandatory counseling, addiction treatment, educational attainment, vocational studies, and good behavior.Petersilia points out that, based on prison records, recidivism predictions can be made that are 80% correct. Recidivism predictors should be made clear to inmates and they should be encouraged to work towards being eligible for release and parole. A nationwide set of guidelines regarding minimum achievements requirements in addition to the current nationwide set of minimum time-served requirements would return the focus to rehabilitation rather than mere punishment. In fact, the minimum time-served should be directly related to the minimum time necessary to complete the release requirements.Part of assuring that the prison system creates parolees who do not endanger the community is assuring that it creates educated parolees. It would do well in the future for ex-criminals to speak of graduating from prison, as it were, and going on to lead productive lives. In 1997 the Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture reported that inmates with at least two years of college have a 10% re-arrest rate, compared to a national re-arrest rate of approximately 60%.This is somewhat ironic, because just three years earlier in 1994 Congress passed a bill which virtually destroyed the prison undergraduate school system. This bill eliminated Pell grants pa ying for the education of incarcerated individuals. Nationally, the only higher education program thats still publicly funded is for youthful offenders. (Banks) So it is that since 1994 recidivism has increased by almost half, going from around 60% to nearly 90%. Today a mixture of volunteers, religious organizations, and state-funded programs have moved in to provide some college education for inmates. However only slightly more than 10% of prisoners will re-enter society with a college degree. A new bill should be sponsored which would fight to prevent crime by educating prisoners and thus slashing their chances of offending again.Even if Pell Grants were not extended to prisoners, perhaps a new system of educational grants should be developed that would pay for accredited college education for prisoners as part of their pre-release requirements. Our founding fathers all focused on the necessity of a free people being an educated people, and claimed that democracy was dependent on the education of the people. If we are to prepare prisoners to reenter a democratic nation and partake in it as citizens rather than as public enemies, then a liberal arts education which both prepares them for work and prepares them to understand the rights and responsibilities of all citizens is absolutely necessary.Petersilias third point is that we need extensive post-release services. A new set of federal guidelines should require all released prisoners to be prepared with housing and income options. Halfway housing should be arranged for those who do not have families prepared to commit to providing housing. Job-placement services should be arranged before release and continued employment should be a condition of parole with job-placement provided at any point during the parole period at which the ex-inmate becomes unemployed. Continued medical treatment and counseling for prison-related problems (including AIDS and mental illness) should be provided, as well as mandatory cou nseling and guidance sessions.More federal and state funding needs to be available to increase the number of parole officers and services. Nationwide there is a shortage in parole officers. In California, for example, the ratio is now 82 parolees to 1 parole officer even parolees who are motivated to change have little opportunity to do so. (Petersilia, Challenges ) According to Petersilias research, most inmates have a strong desire to succeed when they are first released. (Petersilia, Challenges)Therefore it is vital that re-entry services are provided. Additionally, as most inmates are re-arrested within three years, it seems vital that such services are available for a period of at least five years as the inmates adjust to the responsibility and freedom of life outside. Homelessness, lack of income and opportunities, and a return to addiction are among the main reasons for a return to crime proper post-release supervision, counseling, and provision of housing and work opportuni ties can prevent this. Though such supervision would be expensive, it will be far less expensive to provide ex-inmates with housing, employment, and services within the community than to provide them with housing, constant supervision, and services inside our prisons after they re-offend.In conclusion, it appears that a national Recidivism Prevention Bill is absolutely necessary. This bill should include1) a commitment to stop prison rape by means of the creation of a special court system for in-prison crimes such as rape, the mandatory investigation of prison rape cases, and special custody arrangements designed to combat rape2) the establishment of a study resulting in national guidelines for prison reform aimed at fostering social responsibility and accountability3) the establishment and funding of an accredited national university of correctional facilities which provides liberal arts, vocational, and technical degrees to inmates4) Creation of national guidelines for sentencing to include individual minimum release requirements including (but not limited to) successful completion of addiction or other counseling, charitable service, educational and vocational training, evidence of good behavior, and treatment for mental health problems5) national guidelines and funding for parole services including housing, job-placement and training, medical services , and mental health/addiction/family adjustment counseling, and a low parolee-to-officer ration allowing for adequate surveillance and regular check-ups.

The Narcolepsy Sleeping Disorder

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleeping disorder with no sure cause. The main characteristic is ebullient and over daytime drowsiness, even after a good nights rest. A person with narcolepsy will normally be very drowsy or drib asleep, particularly at unappropriate times and places. Daytime attacks may or may not occur withouth any warning (This is a personal account of person with Narcolepsy that i set up on the Science News website) My problems started in the fall of 1954 when football practice began just before school started. I would be so exhausted after practice that I could barely make it ome.Upon doing so I would lay down on the floor and go to sleep. I knew that something was bad wrong with me and there wasnt anyway that I could play football. The previous year I was a starter on the varsity team. The next ten years were very difficult for me. Doctor after doctor made diagnoses that were wrong. People around you think that you are lazy, sleep all the time, you have no concer n in anything and worst of all, you begin to think you are worthless and lazy. During this ten years, I have had sleep attacks while driving a car. When I would awaken, I would have traveled 20 r 30 miles and not remember a thing.I have gone to sleep on my feet while workings and standing still. I would go to the bathroom just to be able to close my eyes for a short period of time. I would use cigarettes as a timer. You chiffonier light a cigarette and slide it between your fingers down toward your palm, distinct lengths to adjust the time. When the cigarette burns down toward your fingers How I found out what was wrong with me There was an article in a magazine which came with the Sunday paper. When I read the article, I immediately knew that i had found the coiffe to my problem. The next morning I went to the local Doctor and asked him if he had read the article.He responded that he had, that the symptoms would fit just about everyone in town. I told him he might be right, bu t how many people did he know have their knees buckle or lose control of their neck when they laughed, got mad, or were surprised. I asked if he would write a prescription for Ritalin. When I took my first pill of Ritalin, it was the first time I had felt any source of postal code for over 10 years. I am now 61 years old and I am from a time when the workplace was very different from today. Management id not take the time, nor were they required to try to understand disabilities.If a company found out that you were a narcoleptic, they would terminate you, because they were afraid you would hurt individual else in the work place. I worked as a professional mechanic for 20 years and then worked in the gas industry on the sell level for another 22 years. I have not had an accident of any kind as a result of my narcolepsy. It seems as though subconsciously, I knew when I was in danger and would always wake up. My advice to anyone that has had a proper diagnosis as to their narcolepsy is the following. Get to know thy self, be aware and study what effect your behavior when this or that happens.Symptoms typically appear during adolescence, although the disease itself may not be diagnosed for many years afterward. The primary symptom is an overwhelming feeling of fatigue, in concert with sleep attacks that may occur with or without warning. About 75% of patients also experience cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone lasting a few seconds to 30 minutes, but without loss of consciousness. Episodes of narcolepsy can be triggered by emotions such as laughter, fear, or anger. Other symptoms include sleep aralysis and hypnogogic hallucinations as the person wakes up or falls asleep.Some patients may also have trouble staying asleep at Recent research suggests that the cause of narcolepsy perchance involves a dead patch of cells in your brain, in dogs and mice they have found this patch of dead cells that they ahave verified causes narcolepsy to these animals. The exa ct cell pattern has not been place in humans, and scientists say we may find the source in as close to 2 years with good research. Twin studies suggest that narcolepsy is not definately a genetic disease, since only 25% of the ime will both twins have the condition. The risk for a person whose immediate relative has narcolepsy is only about 1-2%.This baffles doctors because narcolepsy can show up out of nowhere, but also may run in the family, but not always. The treatment for narcolepsy usually involves taking medications to reduce sleepiness during the day and in those who have cataplexy, other medications to prevent cataplexy. The medications to prevent sleep during the day are a group of medicines called stimulants that includes Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine, Provigil and others. Cataplexy is usually treated with antidepressant edications that void REM (dreaming) sleep such as Tofranil, Norpramin, Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft.Narcolepsy can be diagnosed easily when all the symptoms are present. Two tests are usually done to master the diagnosis. These tests are usually done by a sleep doctor. The polysomnogram records your brain waves when you sleep in the night, and once you go into REM (Rapid Eye Movement) if the brain waves odour the same then this helps in diagnosis. With the multiple latency test people are to do an activity they regularly do any other day and every 2 hours the doctors tell them if they feel drowsy that they should try o sleep etc.I have also read though that doctors usually wont diagnose narcolepsy easily, in many stories like the one above, people say that doctors said that they had anything but narcolepsy. Narcolepsy usually can show up as many things, doctors usually at at first call it a lack of sleep, and other times they may say that you I learned a lot from this report. Before I did this report I thought that narcolepsy was just always being tired and sometimes taking a nap during the day, but I was wrong. I think narcolepsy wo uld be a very aggrevating and embarrasing disease.

Review: The House of the Spirits

In the novel, The House of the Spirits, the author, Isabel Allende uses the symbolism of the house on the ceding back and the viewpoints of Esteban and Claras notebooks to show the referee that in order to infer the history of the Trueba family, multiple viewpoints must be taken into consideration. Through the use of symbolism, the house on the corner is representative of the Truebas history and how the familys history is told through dichotomy. The house has both structures that must be observed in order to understand the entire home, one being inspired by Esteban, and the other being inspired by Clara.The structure that Esteban builds is the outside and the foundation of the house. Esteban builds a cubic, chummy, pompous house, which sits resembling a hat amidst its green and geometric surroundings(92). This description represents how he tells his stories of history in the novel. Esteban doesnt use magical realism, he has much little narration in comparison to Clara in the novel, and his writing is straightforward. The way Esteban is portrayed proves the exterior of the house to be representative of his narration as it is cubic and dense.In contrast, Claras narration from her notebooks is much different from Estebans simple narration like the structure of the house. Clara doesnt talk solely about authoritative consequences, she too records trivialities (1) and incidents that do not necessarily lead to anything. Claras peculiar and magical narration style is represented by the infrastructure of the house, full of protuberances and incrustations, of move staircases that lead to empty spaces, of turrets, or small windows and could not be opened, doors hanging in midair, and crooked hallways (92).The two narrations make up the entire Trueba history the same(p) way the infrastructure and the outside make up the entire house. Each story is told in a different style to symbolize the structure of the house. Estebans part in the creation of the exterior of the house is clean and dense which parallels the way he tells history. In contrast Claras narration is more detailed, insensible and includes the nuanced stories of the characters. Together, the exterior and interior make up the house, just as the two narrations make up the novel and the history of the Truebas.With only one narrator, Clara or Esteban oration at a judgment of conviction, the story of the Trueba family becomes skewed and unreliable due to Estebans personal bias and Claras magical point of view. With both histories presented the reader understands a more accurate and complete story. Allende uses the dichotomy of the house on the corner as a symbol to show that there are multiple sides to history. We also condition two sides of history through Claras notebooks and Estebans narration.With two narrations we get a comprehensive vision of history that can only be obtained by reading multiple attitudes. One way that Allende uses the narrations to show that understanding multiple viewpoints is necessary, is through the unreliability of the narrator. At the beginning of the novel we first take magical realism when Claras Uncle Marcos leaves the country on a bird that he builds and against all logic, on the second try the bird lifts off without contingency and with a certain elegance, accompanied by the creaking of its skeleton and the roar of its motor.Flapping its wings and disappearing into the clouds(13). We are unaware of what actually occurred in this event because we only see one perspective of what happened. Once both narrators are used in the novel, the reader is able to see more than one perspective of the events told and the reader is able to see the entire history, just like the exterior and the infrastructure of the house on the corner make up the entire house.Estebans narration is biased and unreliable, but through the use of Claras notebooks we see the other side to Estebans time at Tres Marias as the patron. When Esteban recalls his leadership at Tres Marias he says, no ones going to convince me that I wasnt a good patron(51) and that he has been a good patron theres no doubt about it(54). Shortly after, we hear from Claras notebooks of how not a girl passed from puberty to adulthood that Esteban did not subject to the woods, the riverbank, or the wrought-iron bed(63).If the reader only heard Estebans narration, the reader would have only seen that he rebuilt chicken coops and stables, rescued the oil fields, and planned an irrigation system so the crops wouldnt have to depend on the weather(53). During his narration the reader sees all the positive things that he did, but with Claras notebooks the reader also sees the negative aspects of his time at Tres Marias. Along with seeing different events that occurred with multiple narrations we also see the feelings of multiple characters.When Clara first arrives at Tres Marias she feels that she has finally discovered her mission in emotional state(105). While the reader understands her motivation, Esteban is unaware that she has this drive to fulfill her mission in life. Esteban thinks she is just charitable and generous and wants to make those around her happy-except Esteban(178). Due to the telling of two narratives in the history of the Trueba family we are able to see the relationship dynamics from both sides, and as a result, understand the Trueba family history better.In conclusion, Isabel Allende wrote the novel in a certain way to show the reader a different view of how history could be learned. She used the symbol of the house to show that to see the history there are various perspectives to understand just as there are various structures that make up the entire house. Allende wrote the novel through the perspective of Clara, Esteban, and others, so the reader is able to get the most comprehensive telling of the Trueba family history, and can see multiple sides in order to obtain the outdo understanding.

Haiti: Development

Why is Haiti develop? (15) Haiti is a Caribbean country located on the island of Hispaniola. It is the poorest country in the western hemisphere with its GDP at just $1, 200. The country has suffered through political violence throughout its history and was struck by an earthquake with a order of magnitude of 7. 0 in 2010. These two major events during Haitis history left the country in ruins and since Haiti has not seemed to recover. Throughout the course of this essay I bequeath go into further detail as to why Haiti is extremely underdeveloped.Haiti has a very low life expectancy at 62 years in comparison to the UK which is 80 years. This shows that between these two countries there ar major differences between circumstanceors that influence life expectancy. In comparison to the UK, in Haiti poorer medical alimony is received by the population and this also shows how bad the standard of living is in Haiti. In Haiti, the total fertility rate is 3. 07 babied per woman whereas in the UK its 1. 91. This shows that in Haiti the emancipation of women is lower which means the country cannot develop.Another major social fact is that 52. 9% of Haitis population is literate. Half the population ar unable to accept or write and this means that they cannot get good jobs or look after their families better and move them out of poverty because they lack a broad skill. These social factors stop Haiti from developing. Haiti has suffered mass political instability over the years. The brutal dictatorships of the physician Francois and his son left tens of thousands of people kil direct during their 29-year rule.Since then the US intervened and forced Haiti to pay back to a constitutional government in 1994. However there were allegations of electoral irregularities, ongoing extra-judicial killings, torture and brutality. A bloody rebellion plus pressure from US and France forced the President Mr. Aristicide out of the country. In the present day Haiti is stable pla gued by violent confrontations between rival gangs and political groups. The UN has described the human rights land site as catastrophic.This political instability over the years is a massive obstacle to Haiti developing. However the biggest factor as to why Haiti is so underdeveloped is the environmental factors. Haiti lies in a region prone to earthquakes and because of its tropical climate it suffers many tropical storms. This leaves areas with severe deforestation and vulnerable to flooding. Haiti is not equipped to mountain with these natural disasters. In January 2010 Haiti was struck by an earthquake, 7. 0 on the Richter scale, this was the countrys worst earthquake in over 200 years.Tens of thousands of people were killed and this led to mass international aid being received by Haiti. A year later and Haiti is still struggling to recover from this earthquake. This shows exactly how underdeveloped Haiti is because they are constantly being hit with natural disasters but the y are ill-equipped at dealing with them. This is a huge obstacle to development because it means that currency cannot be spent on things that make a country more developed such as education or business. Also, following the earthquake, the economy is still recovering.The damage to Port-au-Prince caused the countrys GDP to decrease by an estimated 8%. Haiti was ranked 145 of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations human development index with 57. 3% of the population being deprived of at least 3 of the HDI poverty measures. Most Haitians live on less than $2 a day. This fact is life-and-death as to why Haiti is underdeveloped. This shows that as Haitians dont have that much money they cannot afford for their children to go to school so more and more children are being born into poverty.Therefore these children can never leave poverty so the country cannot develop as the majority of the population is in poverty. In conclusion, Haiti is underdeveloped because of many social, politica l, economic and environmental reasons. However I think the most important factor as to why Haiti is so underdeveloped in the environmental factors. Haiti must spend money on taking care of natural disasters instead of factors that help a country to develop. So in my opinion the fact that Haiti receives a lot of natural disasters is stopping them from developing.