Term paper essays
Thursday, August 27, 2020
Managing in a Strategic Business Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words
Overseeing in a Strategic Business Context - Essay Example An association like HSBC Bank (particularly Business Banking) accepts that, if an association follows like them the speculations and ideas of the contemporary authoritative setting and the vital administration identified with individuals, at that point it isn't difficult to accomplish the hierarchical objectives in like manner. The point of any SWOT investigation is to distinguish the key inward and outer variables that are essential to accomplish the goal of an association. SWOT investigation recognizes key snippets of data into two fundamental categories3: The interior variables might be distinguished as qualities or shortcomings relying upon their effect upon the association's destinations. What may speak to qualities as for one target might be shortcomings for another goal. The components may remember the entirety of the 4P's 2 for understanding with work force, money, producing capacities, etc. The outside components may impact macroeconomic issues, mechanical change, enactment, and socio-social changes, with the adjustments in the commercial center or serious position. The outcomes are typically spoken to as a network. SWOT investigation is just strategy for categorisation and has its own shortcomings. For instance, it might will in general convince organizations to incorporate records as opposed to consider what is extremely critical to accomplish hierarchical objectives. ... For instance, it might will in general convince organizations to incorporate records instead of consider what is extremely essential to accomplish authoritative objectives. It additionally speaks to the subsequent records just and without clear prioritization so that, for instance, feeble open doors may develop to adjust solid dangers. Instances of Strengths and Weaknesses of HSBC Bank: Assets: Financial, scholarly and area are the qualities of the referenced bank. Since HSBC Bank utilizes monetary and scholarly assets to give sufficient administrations to the clients. Client support: As a specialist co-op, clients are the fundamental worry of HSBC Business Banking Sector. They accept that clients' fulfillment brings their prosperity. They likewise accept this as their quality. Productivity: Efficiency is the quality for the HSBC Bank as it guarantees clients' fulfillment and association's prosperity. Quality: Quality is the quality for HSBC as they have great quality help. In any case, at times they face it as shortcoming when they can't keep up the standard.Staff: In the present serious market, deficient number of staff is a soft spot for HSBC. The board: HSBC Business Banking Sector works with Strategic Management, which causes them to work effectively, and it is expected as their quality that is the reason. Standards: HSBC Bank has faith in great assistance giving to the clients in a compelling and sensible way. This is the key part of their prosperity. That is the reason they accept their standards as their quality of work. Instances of Opportunities and Threats of HSBC Bank3: Political/Legal: Political and lawful turmoil circumstances are frequently dangers for the HSBC Business Banking Sector as it hampers their complete administration. Market Trends:
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Pythagorean Theorem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
The Pythagorean Theorem - Essay Example The region of such a square shape is multiple times b: stomach muscle. Along these lines the four triangles together are equivalent to two such square shapes. Their territory is 2ab. With respect to the square whose side is c, its region is just c. In this way, the territory of the whole square is c + 2ab . . . . . .(1) Simultaneously, an equivalent square with side a + b (Fig. 2) is comprised of a square whose side is an, a square whose side is b, and two square shapes whose sides are a, b. Accordingly the territory of that square is a + b + 2ab In any case, this is equivalent to the square shaped by the triangles, line(1): a + b + 2ab = c + 2ab. Thusly, on deducting the two square shapes - 2ab - from each square, we are left with a + b = c. This is the Pythagorean Theorem Confirmation utilizing comparative triangles The Pythagorean hypothesis, depends on the proportionality of the sides of two comparative triangles. Let ABC speak to a correct triangle, with the correct edge situated at C, as appeared on the figure. We draw the height from point C, and call H its crossing point with the side AB. The new triangle ACH is like our triangle ABC, since the two of them have a correct point (by meaning of the height), and they share the edge at An, implying that the third edge will be the equivalent in the two triangles also. By a comparable thinking, the triangle CBH is additionally like ABC. The likenesses lead to the two proportions..: As so These can be composed as Adding these two equities, we get As such, the Pythagorean hypothesis: The Arabian mathematician Thabit ibn Kurrah An astute verification by dismemberment which reassembles two little squares into one bigger one was given by the Arabian mathematician Thabit ibn Kurrah (Ogilvy 1994, Frederickson 1997). Confirmation by Perigal Another confirmation by dismemberment is expected to Perigal (left...Therefore the four triangles together are equivalent to two such square shapes. Their region is 2ab. Simultaneously, an equivalent square with side a + b (Fig. 2) is comprised of a square whose side is an, a square whose side is b, and two square shapes whose sides are a, b. Subsequently the zone of that square is Let ABC speak to a correct triangle, with the correct edge situated at C, as appeared on the figure. We draw the height from point C, and call H its convergence with the side AB. The new triangle ACH is like our triangle ABC, since the two of them have a correct edge (by meaning of the elevation), and they share the edge at An, implying that the third point will be the equivalent in the two triangles too. By a comparable thinking, the triangle CBH is additionally like ABC. The likenesses lead to the two proportions..: As Another evidence by analyzation is expected to Perigal (left figure; Pergial 1873; Dudeney 1970; Madachy 1979; Steinhaus 1999, pp. 4-5; Ball and Coxeter 1987). A related confirmation is practiced utilizing the above figure at right, where the region of the huge square is multiple times the zone of one of the triangles in addition to the territory of the inside square. From the figure d=b-a, so Maybe the most well known evidence of all occasions is Euclid's geometric confirmation , in spite of the fact that it is neither the least difficult nor the most self-evident.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Ways to Find Out New Online Slots
Ways to Find Out New Online Slots Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Ways to Find Out New Online SlotsUpdated On 13/09/2018Author : Ram kumarTopic : InternetShort URL : https://hbb.me/2xb0IRx CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOne of the best things about online slots is new games are always released. This allows players to play and test the latest free slots. Playing games is nice when you have the access to check out the new features and unique themes. But every year, there are many online slots so itâs hard to keep track of the new releases. However, the good news is that there are several ways for tracking the newest slot.TwitterTwitter gained popularity as a social media platform. Users were allowed to express their thoughts in 140 characters. Now, the character limit is gone, and slot makers can add much more details about their new games.Another nice thing about Twitter, it is easy to subscribe to a software company. Game develop ers can leave a message about their latest releases with pictures. This allows for a quickly check up of their games.Following game designers, casino software will ensure a news feed with many new games and slots that are released right away. You can also leave a comment on the post of any game and let the company know your thoughts. Many software developers use Twitter as a platform for sneak peaks of their upcoming projects.Slots Developerâs WebsiteIf you have a favorite developer, you can check their website to find out about the upcoming games. The well-known slot developers have a website and usually, most of their new releases are posted on the website. Instead of combing through Twitter or other social media platforms, itâs faster and more easily to check the developerâs website. Another perk of these sites is that you can also try the recent releases in a form of beta and alpha modes.It is recommended to bookmark the preferred gaming providers. This allows you to put t hese websites in one place.Google NewsWith a left swipe on my home phone screen, I have access to Google News. If it happens to have a favorite topic, with the help of cookies the Google browser on the phone can track your favorite subjects in the form of news. Some slot companies offer press releases on their latest games. These can add a review of their latest release with explained themes and features and other details of the new game. Press releases are nice when you want to be notified of a new game and its details.READThe Case For And Against Cable TelevisionUnfortunately, you canât find these press releases on Buzzfeed or Yahoo. Instead, you have to look in Google News to see the press releases. Besides press releases, you can find online casinos and their affiliates that can announce their newest games.News on Affiliate WebsitesAs mentioned above, online casinos can have affiliates who can also give a press release from time to time. But itâs more common to find the news on their websites regarding current slots. The goal of an affiliate is to get players to sign up at a casino through their links. The best way? Is by telling players about the newest games. Affiliates can be quick as the game developers in offering news about games. The big affiliate sites cover multiple game developers and their latest games. In other words, you can find out about the new releases from multiple software providers.Affiliates also cover the social media, having Facebook, Twitter and YouTube accounts. If you find a site that offers good news on new slots, then you can subscribe to them for more news feeds on your social media account.ConclusionThe most exciting parts of gaming are to be able to find the latest games and playing them right away. Besides Twitter, Developerâs websites, Google News and Affiliate websites, you can also check Facebook, YouTube and visiting the online casinos. The most favored way to track the game news is with Twitter. Being subscribed t o dozen of game makes can mean a quick refill of news feed to keep track on the latest news. Visiting websites of major game developers is the next favored way of tracking latest releases. By checking on the News/Blog tab on websites, you can find the latest posts provided by the developers. Whatever being the chosen method, jumping on a couple of social media platforms and checking out your favorite subscribers is one of the most preferred and lazy back methods of checking out newest slot games.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Histogram Classes Information and Examples
A histogram is one of many types of graphs that are frequently used in statistics and probability.à Histograms provide a visual display of quantitative data by the use of vertical bars. The height of a bar indicates the number of data points that lie within a particular range of values. These ranges are called classes or bins. Number of Classes There is really no rule for how many classes there should be. There are a couple of things to consider about the number of classes. If there was only one class, then all of the data would fall into this class. Our histogram would simply be a single rectangle with height given by the number of elements in our set of data. This would not make a very helpful or useful histogram. At the other extreme, we could have a multitude of classes. This would result in a multitude of bars, none of which would probably be very tall. It would be very difficult to determine any distinguishing characteristics from the data by using this type of histogram. To guard against these two extremes we have a rule of thumb to use to determine the number of classes for a histogram. When we have a relatively small set of data, we typically only use around five classes. If the data set is relatively large, then we use around 20 classes. Again, let it be emphasized that this is a rule of thumb, not an absolute statistical principle. There can be good reasons to have aà different number of classes for data. We will see an example of this below. Definition Before we consider a few examples, we will see how to determine what the classes actually are. We begin this process by finding the range of our data. In other words, we subtract the lowest data value from the highest data value. When the data set is relatively small, we divide the range by five. The quotient is the width of the classes for our histogram. We will probably need to do some rounding in this process, which means that the total number of classes may not end up being five. When the data set is relatively large, we divide the range by 20. Just as before, this division problem gives us the width of the classes for our histogram. Also, as what we saw previously, our rounding may result in slightly more or slightly less than 20 classes. In either of the large or small data set cases, we make the first class begin at a point slightly less than the smallest data value. We must do this in such a way that the first data value falls into the first class. Other subsequent classes are determined by the width that was set when we divided the range. We know that we are at the last class when our highest data value is contained by this class. Example For an example we will determine an appropriate class width and classes for the data set: 1.1, 1.9, 2.3, 3.0, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 5.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 7.1, 7.9, 8.3, 9.0, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2, 14.4, 15.5, 15.5, 16.7, 18.9, 19.2. We see that there are 27 data points in our set. This is a relatively small set and so we will divide the range by five. The range is 19.2 - 1.1 18.1. We divide 18.1 / 5 3.62. This means that a class width of 4 would be appropriate. Our smallest data value is 1.1, so we start the first class at a point less than this. Since our data consists of positive numbers, it would make sense to make the first class go from 0 to 4. The classes that result are: 0 to 44 to 88 to 1212 to 1616 to 20. Exceptions There may be some very good reasons to deviate from some of the advice above. For one example of this, suppose there is a multiple choice test with 35 questions on it, and 1000 students at a high school take the test. We wish to form a histogram showing the number of students who attained certain scores on the test. We see that 35/5 7 and that 35/20 1.75. Despite our rule of thumb giving us the choices of classes of width 2 or 7 to use for our histogram, it may be better to have classes of width 1. These classes would correspond to each question that a student answered correctly on the test. The first of these would be centered at 0 and the last would be centered at 35. This is yet another example that shows that we always need to think when dealing with statistics.
Thursday, May 14, 2020
The Success Of Journalism Lies - 1502 Words
The success of journalism lies in its ability to grasp and hold the attention of its readers, and multimodal articles excel at getting and retaining their readersââ¬â¢ interest. Multimodal articles, text articles heavily incorporating various modes of communication such as pictures, videos, and soundbites, have gained popularity in recent years. They enhance the reading experience for a variety of topics, especially when explaining crime stories. These technology-infused articles use different forms of media to clarify the information presented and evoke an emotional response from the reader. Multimodal articles enrich the readerââ¬â¢s experience by making the characters and event more emotionally engaging and the crime more tangible. Traditional articles lack the visual and audio media that bring the reader closer to the event, making the story seem distant, difficult to envision, and the characters less relatable. Police and government officials using their power to control t he outcomes of investigations and obscure justice is at the heart of the articles presented in this essay. ââ¬Å"Yes, America, We Have Executed an Innocent Manâ⬠a traditional essay written by The Atlantic reporter Andrew Cohen centers around the case of a man, Carlos DeLuna, executed for a murder he did not commit. Walt Bogdanich and Glenn Silber, reporters for the New York Times, wrote a multimedia article titled ââ¬Å"Two Gunshots on a Summer Nightâ⬠. This article, and it accompanying documentary. exposes a corruptShow MoreRelatedThe Problem With Yellow Journalism1207 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Problem with Yellow Journalism. Tabloids are everywhere. You see them while in line at the grocery store, on the stands at street corners, in doctorââ¬â¢s offices, and you can even have them mailed to you. These tabloids have become so ingrained into society that many people consider them to be a true form of journalism. Though this may be one of the views of tabloids, my opinion is that they should not be considered journalism because in reality, they are modern and maybe even worse versions ofRead MoreBuzzfeed : The Future Of News1076 Words à |à 5 PagesBuzzFeed, taking its reporting to a professional level. As journalism is evolving with the transformation from newspapers towards online mediums, BuzzFeed is evolving with this change. Todayââ¬â¢s combination of lifestyle content and serious news does not undermine the quality of news. It has over the years undergone a big pivot expanding from entertainment into news. As online news has been evolving over the years, BuzzFeedââ¬â¢s success lies in being ahead of the trend and positioned itself to rise withRead MoreInternational Journalism Essay1586 Words à |à 7 PagesInternational Journalism International news coverage in the United States has declined dramatically in the last two decades, leaving the American public lacking in awareness of the worlds diversity and beauty. This is unacceptable. The public has access to many forms of media-radio, network and cable television, newspapers, magazines and the Internet-yet lack a basic literacy in international issues. The media no longer provides comprehensive coverage of world news. However, as a far-reachingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1668 Words à |à 7 Pagesexisting regulatory structure for cigarettes ââ¬â which include substantial but not outrageous tax rates and restrictions on sales to minors (Thornton). Already, in states such as California and Colorado show real-life instances to the possibilities for success that legalization holds. The numbers speak for themselves. I believe that the laws made criminalizing marijuana are too harsh and should be amended to make the substance more socially accept able. I believe that one of the main reasons marijuana shouldRead MoreGender Representation Of Sex Education1651 Words à |à 7 PagesImagine a place where women and men operate the equivalent job functions yet they are paid inequitably. Such a place exists. In fact, there is a world in which female value lies in her youth, beauty, sexuality, image, and her subservience to men. That place is no other than the ââ¬Å"land of opportunity,â⬠the United States of America. It is a place where feminism is a mocked and misogyny is praised. In an effort to create a society that is just and parallel, women should receive equal pay as men and workRead MoreThe Importance Of Knowledge And Truth. Truth And Knowledge1380 Words à |à 6 Pagesenlightened of the outside world. When it comes to the topic of ignorance, most of us will readily agree that its harmful to society and individual development. Where this agreement ends, however, is on the question of whether ignorance affects academic success. Whereas some people are convinced that students are just lazy. My own view is that they have a fixed mindset, and I am not alone. In her article, titled ââ¬Å"Brainologyâ⬠Carol S. Dweck, Lewis and Virginiaââ¬â¢s Professor of Psychology, offers her own takeRead MoreImportance Of Internships On The Life Of A Law Student1070 Words à |à 5 Pagesgrowth of internships in every field of life around every corner on the world. The Indian Education System has also diverted itself towards acquiring practical knowledge by way of internships. Today, whether it is law, engineering, medical science, journalism, literature etc. every field provides an opportunity of getting practical experience in the name of internships. Therefore, the importance of internships is increasing day by day. It provides a way to apply theoretical knowledge into practicalRead MorePre Traditional And Non Traditional Media1440 Words à |à 6 Pagesfor actual news. She points out how on the Last Week Tonight show, Oliver doesn t just explain the issues, he ââ¬Å"openly chidesâ⬠his audience for not caring enough about them. A recurring theme of his show is that ââ¬Å"Americans are too incurious about the lies that corporations and other organizations are selling themâ⬠. Weinman mentions how, Americans are supposed to hate being lectured by foreigners; that being why Piers Morgan s CNN show bombed. But for some reason, people are happy to take it from OliverRead MoreThe Significance of Vietnam War1725 Words à |à 7 Pagesnot only as unsuccessful, but also as a gruesome action of the politicians. In one moment, the intellectuals glorified the arrival of a young and freethinking new president, but almost immediately, they blamed his successor of cruelty, continuous lies and desire of war, although the new presidents strategy was basically the same as of his mourned-for predecessor. Richard Nixons governing season did not bring much serenity either. Heated resistance against war became even stronger. Nixon wantedRead More The Significance of Vietnam War Essays1698 Words à |à 7 Pagesnot only as unsuccessful, but also as a gruesome action of the politicians. In one moment, the intellectuals glorified the arrival of a young and freethinking new president, but almost immediately, they blamed his successor of cruelty, continuous lies and desire of war, although the new presidentââ¬â¢s strategy was basically the same as of his mourned-for predecessor. Richard Nixonââ¬â¢s governing season did not bring much serenity either. Heated resistance against war became even stronger. Nixon wanted
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer Essay - 1855 Words
Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, published in 1996, discusses the life and death of young adult and adventurer, Christopher McCandless. Krakauer, a journalistic writer from the Pacific Northwest, was quite fond of adventure as well, having a passion for climbing. His infatuation for risk and adventure gave him great interest in McCandlessââ¬â¢s story of leaving the comfort of his home in Virginia and wandering across the country, ultimately landing himself to the brush of Alaska, where his journies came to a close and he died. Into the Wild goes through events from 1990 to 1992, going through McCandlessââ¬â¢s trips and the people he met, to his family life and investigations of his death, to other adventurers that can he can be compared to. Krakauer outlines the story through use of different sources including McCandlessââ¬â¢s family and the people he met, along with his own story and that of other similar people such as Everett Ruess. The controversy over McCandlessâ⬠â¢s life choices and the story of his life bring about numerous concepts that are universal to human experience. Into the Wild makes important remarks about courage, isolation, and passion, which can be looked into further when compared to the works ââ¬Å"In Praise of Failureâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Embracing a Life of Solitudeâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"The Wild Truthâ⬠, respectively. Chris McCandlessââ¬â¢s experiences and journey into the Alaskan brush shows prime examples of courage and strength. Throughout day to day life, bravery is required to get through tougherShow MoreRelatedInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer563 Words à |à 2 PagesJon Krakauer presents Into The Wild a tragic tale of a young ambitious man who is motivated to go into the wilderness and discover his true identity.Jon krakauer conveys many messages to his readers through Chris McCandless, and his messages often offer a warning to society.we will furture idenitfy how the author delievers the warning to society and what effect it can have upon society today.Three of the very important messages he empatizes on are the societies influence on people,the essence ofRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1096 Words à |à 5 PagesAllyssa Mikes July 2012 Into the Wild Mr. Fertmann Throughout the non-fictional novel Into the Wild, the author Jon Krakauer catches the readerââ¬â¢s interest early on in the book. Krakauer takes us on a journey, telling the story of young Chris McCandlessââ¬â¢ adventures after abandoning everything he owned. Krakauer fully emerged himself into the study of McCandlessââ¬â¢ lifeââ¬â¢s adventures and soon developed a deep understanding of who he was and how he impacted to world. Krakauer connected with McCandless in anRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer946 Words à |à 4 Pagescompelling novel ââ¬Å"Into The Wildâ⬠by Jon Krakauer the character and intelligence of the youth in men is questioned. Through the pieced together 200 page novel we are introduced to Christopher Johnson McCandless also known as ââ¬Å"Alex Supertrampâ⬠. A ripe 24 years of age he chose to question our reality and his meaning of life that is given to us by hitchhiking across America to the Alaskan wilderness, where after four months in the last frontier he is found dead. Krakauer throughout the novel shows thatRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1330 Words à |à 6 Pagesshared.â⬠- Jon Krakauer Into the wild. Jon Krakauer, the author of Into the Wild told the story of Chris McCandless. Chris escaped reality and went to go live off the land in Alaska, hoping to live a simpler life. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless shared a similar philosophy with Jack London, as they both have a strong passion for Alaska, they both appreciated they beauty of nature, and both wanted to be reborn. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandlessRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1349 Words à |à 6 PagesSummary Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is a true story about Chris McCandless who is found dead in the Alaskan wild during September 1992. After discovering that his father had a secret secondary family when Chris was young, Chris pushes away his friends and family and eventually isolates himself. He obtains $25,000 from his parents by lying about attending law school and drives away from home, deserting his real name. He later leaves his car in Georgia after an engine breakdown due to rain damageRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1013 Words à |à 5 Pages Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer, narrates the life of adventurer and free spirit Christopher McCandless, who died August 1992 in the Alaskan wilderness; however, his journey still remains relevant in todayââ¬â¢s pop culture due to the unresolved controversy of whether he is a saintly role model or hubristic fool. Krakauer openly states that he ââ¬Å"wonââ¬â¢t claim to be an impartial biographerâ⬠(Authorââ¬â¢s Note) due to the parallels he struck with McCandless, and provides a more idealistic approach to the biographyRead MoreInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer1516 Words à |à 7 PagesRosselini, John Waterman and Carl McCunn. They all went to Alaska, just like Chris and died. After that Chris continued to canoe and got caught by the US officers when he was trying to get back into the US from Mexico. So he spent a night in jail. Krakauer then compared Chris to Everett Reuss. They both changed their names and they both disappeared. Chris applied for an ID as Alex Supertramp and found a job in Los Angeles. New York Times published about Alexââ¬â¢s death. Jim Gallien and Wayne WesterbergRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1522 Words à |à 7 Pagesvictories.â⬠(Richard M. Nixon). In his investigative biography, Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer, expresses that even though young people can be ignorant and take treacherous risks, these can be used as knowledge enhancers and can be life changers. Krakauer gives us insight by giving examples of what risk really are, how people take them, and how it actually affects those people. Throughout the whole book there are instances where krakauer uses real life examples of things that have happened where people haveRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer Essay1237 Words à |à 5 Pages Jon Krakauer s novel ââ¬Å"Into the wildâ⬠, Is a story about a young man named Christopher McCandless or ââ¬Å"Alex Supertrampâ⬠who went on a self discovering odyssey in which he had traveled around the U.S. The story surrounds Chris and his travels and what he had done at the time, leading to his death in August 1992. Thus the story takes a direction in the viewpoints of the people Alex has come across through in his travels. It speaks about what he had done at the time of his journey before he hadRead MoreInto the Wild: by Jon Krakauer1186 Words à |à 5 Pagessense Krakauers natural liking for McCandless. He was sympathetic to McC andless, based on Krakauers sense of a shared experience in their youth and up until McCandless eventual death and Krakauers perceived near death experience on the Devils Thumb. I believe the authorââ¬â¢s main point and perspective was formed from his own experience and relationship with his father. While the situations were basically reversed with Chris not approving of his father and Lewis Krakauer disappointed in Jon for not
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Revolution and Political Science
Question: Write an essay on Terrorism, Revolution and Political Science? Answer: Episodes of political violence have many subjective meanings hidden in them and quite a lot of time it is this ambiguity that makes it suggestive. According to the relative deprivation theory instead of an absolute deprivation, the cumulative gap between the welfare expected and the welfare achieved is what drives men to violence (Gurr, 1970). For instance, when a group is continually faced with sustained repression or a lowly status they may react using political violence (Khan, 2006). While the expectations may not seem rational to the observer, it is strongly rational in the groups viewpoint. Political violence while contextualized in ideological and political terms helps in understanding the histories of revolution. The sublimation of political violence in terms of modern society is almost a rule of law and a founding moment in law giving. The concept of symbolism in political violence is ambiguous and amorphous. A symbol can be defined as something that indexes the not-so-inhere nt meaning of a context. Several episode of political history likewise acquire symbolic meaning. Symbolization ensures that the event is interpreted as exemplar of an injustice and for this events and the symbols must undergo Universalization. There have been numerous debates surrounding the rationality of political violence and a popular choice for research is the rational choice theory (Lindauer, 2012). As a theory of human behavior, the rational choice theory focuses of individuals as narrow or broad forms of actors. Rational choice asserts that the individuals is the best judge of what is them and asserts that they have the freedom and responsibility to shape their lives as they want. While the entire framework is valid by context and has application in the situations, the theory is based on assumptions and faces a number of challenges during implementation. And rational choice theory comes across as an appropriate research method in short-run scenarios of developing a counter-terror strategy. The problems with applying the theory to political violence are that the determination of absence of presence of rationality basically stems from a single holistic approach. Beyond the cognitive patterns that are objectively existent, the presence of other variables is duly neglected. Also, rational behavior is applied in absolute terms and the individuals or groups are assumed to always make the same choices of actions that end up with high utility values disregarding the conflict of value systems. That is, what may seem rational to some may seem irrational to others in the same circumstance. The core of rational choice is purely subjective. For instance, a foot soldier is willing to commit a deed because of set preferences where he believes that he fights for the good of others in his community. The theory is confined by human imperfections overall. On a strategic level, rational theory postulates the use of actors to pursue long term goals. Here there is an importance of differentiating between the masterminds behind an attack and the perpetrators. The terrorist masterminds sending some of their recruits (foot soldiers) as suicide attackers to serve a goal but again from an individualistic viewpoint the action may be considered irrational (Atron, 2003). For instance, the death of a suicide bomber in an attack be it accident or planned is not the only variable that defines the rationality of the act (Nalbandov, 2013). The leaders who motivate them need to be accounted too. Political motivations and radicalizations are two different forms of terrors. For a terror act to be considered political it is required for certain groups to approve the act. Max Abrahms Natural Systems Theory is a critique of the rational choice theory and all the points that the theory takes for granted (Abrahms, 2008). As anomalies for the rational choice model, Abrahm in an article presents with certain puzzles. The first argument is that terrorism cannot be rational because its ineffective. But the argument has serious flaws in that he selects only those groups that are yet to achieve their objectives and also fails to explore alternatives upon which the terrorists may rely or their perceptions. Also, he undermines the rational model by suggesting that terrorists do not resort to terrorism because they have no other go and do not choose to abandon the struggle to become non-violent. But according to the rational theory there is no suggestion that terrorists have to adopt a variety of options before resorting to violence. The statement about abandoning struggle also seems weak without empirical support (Chenoweth et al, 2009). Failing to compromise does not prove irrationality. There may be extreme aims that the violators have that preclude compromise and this has nothing to with undermining the applicability of rational choice theory. Also, according to Abrahms the unstable goals and objectives of the terrorists that tend to change with time refutes the concept of rational theory. This can happen due to the reason that over a period of time survival becomes the basic goal and during such times they may take up political objectives as their core. Lastly the persistence of terrorism even though their objectives have become obsolete is the biggest challenge to the rational theory. According to the natural systems theory, terrorist organizations are encouraged by the quest for solidarity and not for achieving precise political goals. The truth is that there are organizations that are strategic, that is, complying with the rational choice theory or those that comply with natural systems for solidarity or those that follow both. Their behavior need not be consistent over the course of their operation. Some of the groups have managed to subordinate their activities to their political goals and some others have subordinated their goals to their activities. Abrahms assumption that the political violence is irrational and thus refutes the strategic model is a serious issue. It may irrational but it cannot be considered strategic in that there are two basic goals of any terrorist movement that is to either wing concessions from the government and to achieve hegemony in the rebel group. For instance, movement like Fatah strives for more than just independence by aiming to constitute the government of the future. The recent struggle between Hamas and Fatah for control over Palestinian authority suggests that political violence can be motivated by strategic thinking. Abrahms claim that to terrorists, terrorism can never be the last resort is refuted by the African National Congress which resorted to terrorism only towards the end of their struggle against the South African white government. Also, the strategic motivations of al-Qaeda have been demonstrated by its exclusively targeting only the states that have a military presence in Iraq. Absence of rationality makes terrorism as something carried out for the sole purpose of sustenance (Chenoweth et al, 2009). Fanon and Cabral are commonly defined as Terrorist Leaders. Yet what drove them to violence was different, as were the tactics and strategy they had adopted. Comment and elaborate. Fanon found himself involved in the Algerian revolution when he was practicing his psychiatry in Algeria. He was a Martinique by native was African by his ancestry who studied medicine in France. All this thoughts on revolution was basically formed on his experiences in Algeria. He emphasized the historic specificity of the colonial situations and the implications for political struggle. Cabral on the other hand organized and led the revolution in the country of his birth, Guinea-Bissau. A student in Lisbon, an agronomist working for the Portuguese government he surveyed the agricultural resources of his country and his theories were based on his experiences when he turned a revolutionist. Cabrals early influences on revolution were by his father who was a politically conscious man and was of the opinion that the government was not doing good by the population which reflected strongly on Cabral (Bernard, 1971). Many of the themes and concerns in the theory of Fanon were also central to the theories of Cabral. They were both initially men of peace. Both first tried to obtain benefits via tranquil waters at first and when it didnt work they had to revert to political violence. Fanon did not advocate violence for the sake of it but to facilitate authentic complete decolonization. According to Fanon, violence and revolution are the extreme form of political struggle (Museveni, 1971). To him, the colonial situation in Algeria was perpetuated by colonial violence and hence it was mandatory that revolutionary violence be used to end it. While working in a hospital in Algeria, Fanon tried his best to facilitate through legitimate channels but was compelled to join the rebels. At the same time, Cabral formed PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde which had employed peaceful methods for three years before turning to violence. Also, Fanon and Cabral had sharp contrasts in t heir analysis of classes (Alumona, 2006). And unlike Fanon, Cabral was not preoccupied with violence. Cabral did not devote too much emphasis on violence even though he realized it was important. But he believed violence needs to be used only as a response to violence. Fanons generalizations often did not include support from evidence and were sometimes contradictory. Both of them were in agreement when it came to certain aspects of the African revolution but differed in detail and emphasis (Ayers, 2008). Cabral was comparatively more explicit even though it was their opinion the revolution meant more than just a struggle for independence. Fanons psychiatric profession made him consider independence as something that must be taken for a complete liberation. But Cabrals vision included all the broad aspects of revolution and emphasized and appreciated the everyday work of struggle as crucial which was lacking in Fanons revolution. His struggle included fighting for more than just ideologies but for benefits in the form materials, better conditions and a greater future for the next generation. It was more than liberty and independence but also concerned the pressing issues and grievance locally. Cabrals revolution was thorough as it linked daily struggles of people to the revolution for a true victory political action, armed action and reconstructio n of nation was important. But Fanon paid no attention to the details and was more interested in encouraging the revolution than on organizing. His revolution was based on two things, physical struggle to obtain independence and after independence to build a socialist nation (Blackey, 1974). References Abrahms, M. (2008). What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy. International Security, 32(4), pp.78-105. Alumona, V. (2006). Critical Reflection on Amilcar Cabrals Criteria for Citizenship. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 1(5). Atran, S. (2003). Genesis of Suicide Terrorism. Science, 299(5612), pp.1534-1539. Ayers, A. (2008). Gramsci, political economy, and international relations theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Bernard, M. (1971). Amilcar Cabral: Evolution of Revolutionary Thought. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 2(2). Blackey, R. (1974). Fanon and Cabral: a Contrast in Theories of Revolution for Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 12(02), p.191. Chenoweth, E., Miller, N., McClellan, E., Frisch, H., Staniland, P. and Abrahms, M. (2009). What Makes Terrorists Tick. International Security, 33(4), pp.180-202. Gurr, T. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Published for the Center of International Studies, Princeton University [by] Princeton University Press. Khan, L. (2006). A theory of international terrorism. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers43. Lindauer, L. (2012). Rational Choice Theory, Grounded Theory, and Their Applicability to Terrorism. The Heinz Journal, 9(2). Museveni, Y. (1971). Fanon's theory on violence: It's Verification in Liberated Mozambique. Nalbandov, R. (013). Irrational Rationality of Terrorism. Journal of Strategic Security, 6(4), pp.92-102.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)